| [9] | 1 | .TH LS 1
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| 2 | .SH NAME
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| 3 | ls \- list the contents of a directory
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| 4 | .SH SYNOPSIS
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| 5 | \fBls\fP [\fB\-acdfghilpqrstu1ACDFLMRTX\fP] [\fIname\fP...]
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| 6 | .SH DESCRIPTION
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| 7 | For each file argument, list it. For each directory argument, list its
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| 8 | contents. The current working directory is listed when no files are named.
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| 9 | Information is printed multicolumn on terminals, single column if the output
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| 10 | is redirected. The options control what information is shown and how.
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| 11 | .PP
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| 12 | .B Ls
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| 13 | has two sources other then the command line to draw options from, one is
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| 14 | the environment variable
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| 15 | .B LSOPTS
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| 16 | that is scanned for option letters when the output of
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| 17 | .B ls
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| 18 | is displayed on a terminal. The other is the name of
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| 19 | .B ls
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| 20 | itself. If
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| 21 | .B ls
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| 22 | is linked to another name, then all the characters after the l are used as
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| 23 | flags too, except that d, f, r, t and x are translated to D, F, R, T and X.
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| 24 | Useful links are
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| 25 | .BR ll ,
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| 26 | .BR lf ,
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| 27 | .B lm
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| 28 | and
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| 29 | .BR lx .
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| 30 | .PP
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| 31 | Files whose names start with a dot are by default not listed.
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| 32 | .PP
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| 33 | Note that standard MINIX 3 doesn't have symbolic links or sockets and
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| 34 | .B \-u
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| 35 | and
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| 36 | .B \-c
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| 37 | are no-ops on a V1 file system, since only modified times are stored in V1
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| 38 | inodes.
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| 39 | .SH OPTIONS
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| 40 | .TP
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| 41 | .B \-a
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| 42 | All entries are listed, even
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| 43 | .B .
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| 44 | and
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| 45 | .B ..
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| 46 | .TP
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| 47 | .B \-c
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| 48 | Use inode changed time for sorting, listing or searching.
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| 49 | .TP
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| 50 | .B \-d
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| 51 | Do not list contents of directories, but list the directory itself.
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| 52 | .TP
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| 53 | .B \-f
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| 54 | Do not sort (should also be: treat a file as a directory, but that
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| 55 | can't be implemented portably).
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| 56 | .TP
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| 57 | .B \-g
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| 58 | Suppress the owner name on a long listing (implies
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| 59 | .BR \-l ).
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| 60 | .TP
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| 61 | .B \-h
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| 62 | Show file sizes in kilo, mega or gigabytes.
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| 63 | .TP
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| 64 | .B \-i
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| 65 | I-node number printed in the first column.
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| 66 | .TP
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| 67 | .B \-l
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| 68 | Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time.
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| 69 | .RB ( "ls \-lC"
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| 70 | uses columns in a wide enough window!)
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| 71 | .TP
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| 72 | .B \-n
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| 73 | Print numerical user and group id's.
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| 74 | .TP
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| 75 | .B \-p
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| 76 | Mark directories with a '\fB/\fP'.
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| 77 | .TP
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| 78 | .B \-q
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| 79 | Print nongraphic characters as '\fB?\fP' (default on terminals).
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| 80 | .TP
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| 81 | .B \-r
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| 82 | Reverse the sort order.
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| 83 | .TP
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| 84 | .B \-s
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| 85 | Give the size in kilobytes in the first
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| 86 | .RB ( \-s )
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| 87 | or second column
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| 88 | .RB ( \-is ).
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| 89 | .TP
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| 90 | .B \-t
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| 91 | Sort by time (modified time default), latest first.
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| 92 | .TP
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| 93 | .B \-u
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| 94 | Use last accessed time for sorting, listing or searching.
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| 95 | .TP
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| 96 | .B \-1
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| 97 | Print in one column.
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| 98 | .TP
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| 99 | .B \-A
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| 100 | List all entries, but not
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| 101 | .B .
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| 102 | and
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| 103 | .B ..
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| 104 | (This is the default for privileged users.)
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| 105 | .TP
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| 106 | .B \-C
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| 107 | Print multicolumn (default on terminals).
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| 108 | .TP
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| 109 | .B \-D
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| 110 | Distinguish files by type, i.e. regular files together, directories
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| 111 | together, etc.
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| 112 | .TP
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| 113 | .B \-F
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| 114 | Mark directories with a '\fB/\fP', executables with a '\fB*\fP', \s-2UNIX\s+2
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| 115 | domain sockets with a '\fB=\fP', named pipes with a '\fB|\fP' and symbolic
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| 116 | links with a '\fB@\fP' behind the name.
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| 117 | .TP
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| 118 | .B \-L
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| 119 | Print the file referenced by a symbolic link instead of the link.
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| 120 | .TP
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| 121 | .B \-M
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| 122 | List mode before name (implies
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| 123 | .BR \-C ).
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| 124 | .TP
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| 125 | .B \-R
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| 126 | List directory trees recursively.
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| 127 | .TP
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| 128 | .B \-T
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| 129 | Print file times in a long format, e.g. "Oct 24 21:37:41 1996".
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| 130 | .TP
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| 131 | .B \-X
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| 132 | Print crunched mode and size before name (implies
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| 133 | .BR \-C ).
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| 134 | Only the rwx permissions that its caller has on the file are shown, but they
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| 135 | are in upper case if the caller owns the file and has given the permission
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| 136 | to the callers group or other users. The size is listed in bytes (<= 5K),
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| 137 | or rounded up kilo, mega or gigabytes.
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| 138 | .SH "SEE ALSO"
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| 139 | .BR du (1),
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| 140 | .BR stat (1),
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| 141 | .BR stat (2).
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| 142 | .SH BUGS
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| 143 | Having to type
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| 144 | .B ls \-C
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| 145 | when viewing files through
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| 146 | .BR more (1).
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| 147 | .PP
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| 148 | Is only portable to systems with the same
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| 149 | .B st_mode
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| 150 | (see
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| 151 | .BR stat (2)).
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| 152 | .PP
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| 153 | The
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| 154 | .B LSOPTS
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| 155 | variable and the
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| 156 | .BR -D ,
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| 157 | .B -M
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| 158 | and
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| 159 | .B -X
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| 160 | flags are not found on other
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| 161 | .B ls
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| 162 | implementations. (They have their own nonstandard flags.)
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| 163 | .SH AUTHOR
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| 164 | Kees J. Bot <kjb@cs.vu.nl>
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