Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/as.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/as.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,412 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH AS 9 -.\" unchecked (kjb) -.CD "as \(en assembler" -.SE "AS\(emASSEMBLER [IBM]" -.SP 1 -.PP -This document describes the language accepted by the 80386 assembler -that is part of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit. Note that only the syntax is -described, only a few 386 instructions are shown as examples. -.SS "Tokens, Numbers, Character Constants, and Strings" -.PP -The syntax of numbers is the same as in C. -The constants 32, 040, and 0x20 all represent the same number, but are -written in decimal, octal, and hex, respectively. -The rules for character constants and strings are also the same as in C. -For example, \(fma\(fm is a character constant. -A typical string is "string". -Expressions may be formed with C operators, but must use [ and ] for -parentheses. (Normal parentheses are claimed by the operand syntax.) -.SS "Symbols" -.PP -Symbols contain letters and digits, as well as three special characters: -dot, tilde, and underscore. -The first character may not be a digit or tilde. -.PP -The names of the 80386 registers are reserved. These are: -.HS -~~~al, bl, cl, dl -.br -~~~ah, bh, ch, dh -.br -~~~ax, bx, cx, dx, eax, ebx, ecx, edx -.br -~~~si, di, bp, sp, esi, edi, ebp, esp -.br -~~~cs, ds, ss, es, fs, gs -.HS -The xx and exx variants of the eight general registers are treated as -synonyms by the assembler. Normally "ax" is the 16-bit low half of the -32-bit "eax" register. The assembler determines if a 16 or 32 bit -operation is meant solely by looking at the instruction or the -instruction prefixes. It is however best to use the proper registers -when writing assembly to not confuse those who read the code. -.HS -The last group of 6 segment registers are used for selector + offset mode -addressing, in which the effective address is at a given offset in one of -the 6 segments. -.PP -Names of instructions and pseudo-ops are not reserved. -Alphabetic characters in opcodes and pseudo-ops must be in lower case. -.SS "Separators" -.PP -Commas, blanks, and tabs are separators and can be interspersed freely -between tokens, but not within tokens. -Commas are only legal between operands. -.SS "Comments" -.PP -The comment character is \*(OQ!\*(CQ. -The rest of the line is ignored. -.SS "Opcodes" -.PP -The opcodes are listed below. -Notes: (1) Different names for the same instruction are separated by \*(OQ/\*(CQ. -(2) Square brackets ([]) indicate that 0 or 1 of the enclosed characters -can be included. -(3) Curly brackets ({}) work similarly, except that one of the -enclosed characters \fImust\fR be included. -Thus square brackets indicate an option, whereas curly brackets indicate -that a choice must be made. -.sp -.if t .ta 0.25i 1.2i 3i -.if n .ta 2 10 24 -.nf -.B "Data Transfer" -.HS - mov[b] dest, source ! Move word/byte from source to dest - pop dest ! Pop stack - push source ! Push stack - xchg[b] op1, op2 ! Exchange word/byte - xlat ! Translate - o16 ! Operate on a 16 bit object instead of 32 bit - -.B "Input/Output" -.HS - in[b] source ! Input from source I/O port - in[b] ! Input from DX I/O port - out[b] dest ! Output to dest I/O port - out[b] ! Output to DX I/O port - -.B "Address Object" -.HS - lds reg,source ! Load reg and DS from source - les reg,source ! Load reg and ES from source - lea reg,source ! Load effect address of source to reg and DS - {cdsefg}seg ! Specify seg register for next instruction - a16 ! Use 16 bit addressing mode instead of 32 bit - -.B "Flag Transfer" -.HS - lahf ! Load AH from flag register - popf ! Pop flags - pushf ! Push flags - sahf ! Store AH in flag register - -.B "Addition" -.HS - aaa ! Adjust result of BCD addition - add[b] dest,source ! Add - adc[b] dest,source ! Add with carry - daa ! Decimal Adjust after addition - inc[b] dest ! Increment by 1 - -.B "Subtraction" -.HS - aas ! Adjust result of BCD subtraction - sub[b] dest,source ! Subtract - sbb[b] dest,source ! Subtract with borrow from dest - das ! Decimal adjust after subtraction - dec[b] dest ! Decrement by one - neg[b] dest ! Negate - cmp[b] dest,source ! Compare - -.B "Multiplication" -.HS - aam ! Adjust result of BCD multiply - imul[b] source ! Signed multiply - mul[b] source ! Unsigned multiply - -.B "Division" -.HS - aad ! Adjust AX for BCD division - o16 cbw ! Sign extend AL into AH - o16 cwd ! Sign extend AX into DX - cwde ! Sign extend AX into EAX - cdq ! Sign extend EAX into EDX - idiv[b] source ! Signed divide - div[b] source ! Unsigned divide - -.B "Logical" -.HS - and[b] dest,source ! Logical and - not[b] dest ! Logical not - or[b] dest,source ! Logical inclusive or - test[b] dest,source ! Logical test - xor[b] dest,source ! Logical exclusive or - -.B "Shift" -.HS - sal[b]/shl[b] dest,CL ! Shift logical left - sar[b] dest,CL ! Shift arithmetic right - shr[b] dest,CL ! Shift logical right - -.B "Rotate" -.HS - rcl[b] dest,CL ! Rotate left, with carry - rcr[b] dest,CL ! Rotate right, with carry - rol[b] dest,CL ! Rotate left - ror[b] dest,CL ! Rotate right - -.B "String Manipulation" -.HS - cmps[b] ! Compare string element ds:esi with es:edi - lods[b] ! Load from ds:esi into AL, AX, or EAX - movs[b] ! Move from ds:esi to es:edi - rep ! Repeat next instruction until ECX=0 - repe/repz ! Repeat next instruction until ECX=0 and ZF=1 - repne/repnz ! Repeat next instruction until ECX!=0 and ZF=0 - scas[b] ! Compare ds:esi with AL/AX/EAX - stos[b] ! Store AL/AX/EAX in es:edi - -.fi -.B "Control Transfer" -.PP -\fIAs\fR accepts a number of special jump opcodes that can assemble to -instructions with either a byte displacement, which can only reach to targets -within \(mi126 to +129 bytes of the branch, or an instruction with a 32-bit -displacement. The assembler automatically chooses a byte or word displacement -instruction. -.PP -The English translation of the opcodes should be obvious, with -\*(OQl(ess)\*(CQ and \*(OQg(reater)\*(CQ for signed comparisions, and -\*(OQb(elow)\*(CQ and \*(OQa(bove)*(CQ for unsigned comparisions. There are -lots of synonyms to allow you to write "jump if not that" instead of "jump -if this". -.PP -The \*(OQcall\*(CQ, \*(OQjmp\*(CQ, and \*(OQret\*(CQ instructions can be -either intrasegment or -intersegment. The intersegment versions are indicated with -the suffix \*(OQf\*(CQ. - -.if t .ta 0.25i 1.2i 3i -.if n .ta 2 10 24 -.nf -.B Unconditional -.HS - jmp[f] dest ! jump to dest (8 or 32-bit displacement) - call[f] dest ! call procedure - ret[f] ! return from procedure - -.B "Conditional" -.HS - ja/jnbe ! if above/not below or equal (unsigned) - jae/jnb/jnc ! if above or equal/not below/not carry (uns.) - jb/jnae/jc ! if not above nor equal/below/carry (unsigned) - jbe/jna ! if below or equal/not above (unsigned) - jg/jnle ! if greater/not less nor equal (signed) - jge/jnl ! if greater or equal/not less (signed) - jl/jnqe ! if less/not greater nor equal (signed) - jle/jgl ! if less or equal/not greater (signed) - je/jz ! if equal/zero - jne/jnz ! if not equal/not zero - jno ! if overflow not set - jo ! if overflow set - jnp/jpo ! if parity not set/parity odd - jp/jpe ! if parity set/parity even - jns ! if sign not set - js ! if sign set - -.B "Iteration Control" -.HS - jcxz dest ! jump if ECX = 0 - loop dest ! Decrement ECX and jump if CX != 0 - loope/loopz dest ! Decrement ECX and jump if ECX = 0 and ZF = 1 - loopne/loopnz dest ! Decrement ECX and jump if ECX != 0 and ZF = 0 - -.B "Interrupt" -.HS - int n ! Software interrupt n - into ! Interrupt if overflow set - iretd ! Return from interrupt - -.B "Flag Operations" -.HS - clc ! Clear carry flag - cld ! Clear direction flag - cli ! Clear interrupt enable flag - cmc ! Complement carry flag - stc ! Set carry flag - std ! Set direction flag - sti ! Set interrupt enable flag - -.fi -.SS "Location Counter" -.PP -The special symbol \*(OQ.\*(CQ is the location counter and its value -is the address of the first byte of the instruction in which the symbol -appears and can be used in expressions. -.SS "Segments" -.PP -There are four different assembly segments: text, rom, data and bss. -Segments are declared and selected by the \fI.sect\fR pseudo-op. It is -customary to declare all segments at the top of an assembly file like -this: -.HS -~~~.sect .text; .sect .rom; .sect .data; .sect .bss -.HS -The assembler accepts up to 16 different segments, but -.MX -expects only four to be used. Anything can in principle be assembled -into any segment, but the -.MX -bss segment may only contain uninitialized data. -Note that the \*(OQ.\*(CQ symbol refers to the location in the current -segment. -.SS "Labels" -.PP -There are two types: name and numeric. Name labels consist of a name -followed by a colon (:). -.PP -The numeric labels are single digits. The nearest 0: label may be -referenced as 0f in the forward direction, or 0b backwards. -.SS "Statement Syntax" -.PP -Each line consists of a single statement. -Blank or comment lines are allowed. -.SS "Instruction Statements" -.PP -The most general form of an instruction is -.HS -~~~label: opcode operand1, operand2 ! comment -.HS -.SS "Expression Semantics" -.PP -.tr ~~ -The following operators can be used: -+ \(mi * / & | ^ ~ << (shift left) >> (shift right) \(mi (unary minus). -.tr ~ -32-bit integer arithmetic is used. -Division produces a truncated quotient. -.SS "Addressing Modes" -.PP -Below is a list of the addressing modes supported. -Each one is followed by an example. -.HS -.ta 0.25i 3i -.nf - constant mov eax, 123456 - direct access mov eax, (counter) - register mov eax, esi - indirect mov eax, (esi) - base + disp. mov eax, 6(ebp) - scaled index mov eax, (4*esi) - base + index mov eax, (ebp)(2*esi) - base + index + disp. mov eax, 10(edi)(1*esi) -.HS -.fi -Any of the constants or symbols may be replacement by expressions. Direct -access, constants and displacements may be any type of expression. A scaled -index with scale 1 may be written without the \*(OQ1*\*(CQ. -.SS "Call and Jmp" -.PP -The \*(OQcall\*(CQ and \*(OQjmp\*(CQ instructions can be interpreted -as a load into the instruction pointer. -.HS -.ta 0.25i 3i -.nf - call _routine ! Direct, intrasegment - call (subloc) ! Indirect, intrasegment - call 6(ebp) ! Indirect, intrasegment - call ebx ! Direct, intrasegment - call (ebx) ! Indirect, intrasegment - callf (subloc) ! Indirect, intersegment - callf seg:offs ! Direct, intersegment -.HS -.fi -.SP 1 -.SS "Symbol Assigment" -.SP 1 -.PP -Symbols can acquire values in one of two ways. -Using a symbol as a label sets it to \*(OQ.\*(CQ for the current -segment with type relocatable. -Alternative, a symbol may be given a name via an assignment of the form -.HS -~~~symbol = expression -.HS -in which the symbol is assigned the value and type of its arguments. -.SP 1 -.SS "Storage Allocation" -.SP 1 -.PP -Space can be reserved for bytes, words, and longs using pseudo-ops. -They take one or more operands, and for each generate a value -whose size is a byte, word (2 bytes) or long (4 bytes). For example: -.HS -.if t .ta 0.25i 3i -.if n .ta 2 24 - .data1 2, 6 ! allocate 2 bytes initialized to 2 and 6 -.br - .data2 3, 0x10 ! allocate 2 words initialized to 3 and 16 -.br - .data4 010 ! allocate a longword initialized to 8 -.br - .space 40 ! allocates 40 bytes of zeros -.HS -allocates 50 (decimal) bytes of storage, initializing the first two -bytes to 2 and 6, the next two words to 3 and 16, then one longword with -value 8 (010 octal), last 40 bytes of zeros. -.SS "String Allocation" -.PP -The pseudo-ops \fI.ascii\fR and \fI.asciz\fR -take one string argument and generate the ASCII character -codes for the letters in the string. -The latter automatically terminates the string with a null (0) byte. -For example, -.HS -~~~.ascii "hello" -.br -~~~.asciz "world\en" -.HS -.SS "Alignment" -.PP -Sometimes it is necessary to force the next item to begin at a word, longword -or even a 16 byte address boundary. -The \fI.align\fR pseudo-op zero or more null byte if the current location -is a multiple of the argument of .align. -.SS "Segment Control" -.PP -Every item assembled goes in one of the four segments: text, rom, data, -or bss. By using the \fI.sect\fR pseudo-op with argument -\fI.text, .rom, .data\fR or \fI.bss\fR, the programmer can force the -next items to go in a particular segment. -.SS "External Names" -.PP -A symbol can be given global scope by including it in a \fI.define\fR pseudo-op. -Multiple names may be listed, separate by commas. -It must be used to export symbols defined in the current program. -Names not defined in the current program are treated as "undefined -external" automatically, although it is customary to make this explicit -with the \fI.extern\fR pseudo-op. -.SS "Common" -.PP -The \fI.comm\fR pseudo-op declares storage that can be common to more than -one module. There are two arguments: a name and an absolute expression giving -the size in bytes of the area named by the symbol. -The type of the symbol becomes -external. The statement can appear in any segment. -If you think this has something to do with FORTRAN, you are right. -.SS "Examples" -.PP -In the kernel directory, there are several assembly code files that are -worth inspecting as examples. -However, note that these files, are designed to first be -run through the C preprocessor. (The very first character is a # to signal -this.) Thus they contain numerous constructs -that are not pure assembler. -For true assembler examples, compile any C program provided with -.MX -using the \fB\(enS\fR flag. -This will result in an assembly language file with a suffix with the same -name as the C source file, but ending with the .s suffix. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/awk.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/awk.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,248 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH AWK 9 -.CD "awk \(en pattern matching language" -.SX "awk \fIrules\fR [\fIfile\fR] ... -.FL "\fR(none)" -.EX "awk rules input" "Process \fIinput\fR according to \fIrules\fR" -.EX "awk rules \(en >out" "Input from terminal, output to \fIout\fR" -.PP -AWK is a programming language devised by Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan -at Bell Labs (hence the name). -\fIAwk\fR programs search files for -specific patterns and performs \*(OQactions\*(CQ for every occurrence -of these patterns. The patterns can be \*(OQregular expressions\*(CQ -as used in the \fIed\fR editor. The actions are expressed -using a subset of the C language. -.PP -The patterns and actions are usually placed in a \*(OQrules\*(CQ file -whose name must be the first argument in the command line, -preceded by the flag \fB\(enf\fR. Otherwise, the first argument on the -command line is taken to be a string containing the rules -themselves. All other arguments are taken to be the names of text -files on which the rules are to be applied, with \fB\(en\fR being the -standard input. To take rules from the standard input, use \fB\(enf \(en\fR. -.PP -The command: -.HS -.Cx "awk rules prog.\d\s+2*\s0\u" -.HS -would read the patterns and actions rules from the file \fIrules\fR -and apply them to all the arguments. -.PP -The general format of a rules file is: -.HS -~~~ { } -~~~ { } -~~~... -.HS -There may be any number of these { } -sequences in the rules file. \fIAwk\fR reads a line of input from -the current input file and applies every { } -in sequence to the line. -.PP -If the corresponding to any { } is missing, -the action is applied to every line of input. The default -{ } is to print the matched input line. -.SS "Patterns" -.PP -The s may consist of any valid C expression. If the - consists of two expressions separated by a comma, it -is taken to be a range and the is performed on all -lines of input that match the range. s may contain -\*(OQregular expressions\*(CQ delimited by an @ symbol. Regular -expressions can be thought of as a generalized \*(OQwildcard\*(CQ -string matching mechanism, similar to that used by many -operating systems to specify file names. Regular expressions -may contain any of the following characters: -.HS -.in +0.75i -.ta +0.5i -.ti -0.5i -x An ordinary character -.ti -0.5i -\\ The backslash quotes any character -.ti -0.5i -^ A circumflex at the beginning of an expr matches the beginning of a line. -.ti -0.5i -$ A dollar-sign at the end of an expression matches the end of a line. -.ti -0.5i -\&. A period matches any single character except newline. -.ti -0.5i -* An expression followed by an asterisk matches zero or more occurrences -of that expression: \*(OQfo*\*(CQ matches \*(OQf\*(CQ, \*(OQfo\*(CQ, \*(OQfoo\*(CQ, \*(OQfooo\*(CQ, etc. -.ti -0.5i -+ An expression followed by a plus sign matches one or more occurrences -of that expression: \*(OQfo+\*(CQ matches \*(OQfo\*(CQ, \*(OQfoo\*(CQ, \*(OQfooo\*(CQ, etc. -.ti -0.5i -[] A string enclosed in square brackets matches any single character in that -string, but no others. If the first character in the string is a circumflex, the -expression matches any character except newline and the characters in the -string. For example, \*(OQ[xyz]\*(CQ matches \*(OQxx\*(CQ and \*(OQzyx\*(CQ, while -\*(OQ[^xyz]\*(CQ matches \*(OQabc\*(CQ but not \*(OQaxb\*(CQ. A range of characters may be -specified by two characters separated by \*(OQ-\*(CQ. -.in -0.75i -.SS "Actions" -.PP -Actions are expressed as a subset of the C language. All -variables are global and default to int's if not formally -declared. -Only char's and int's and pointers and arrays of -char and int are allowed. \fIAwk\fR allows only decimal integer -constants to be used\(emno hex (0xnn) or octal (0nn). String -and character constants may contain all of the special C -escapes (\\n, \\r, etc.). -.PP -\fIAwk\fR supports the \*(OQif\*(CQ, \*(OQelse\*(CQ, -\*(OQwhile\*(CQ and \*(OQbreak\*(CQ flow of -control constructs, which behave exactly as in C. -.PP -Also supported are the following unary and binary operators, -listed in order from highest to lowest precedence: -.HS -.ta 0.25i 1.75i 3.0i -.nf -\fB Operator Type Associativity\fR - () [] unary left to right -.tr ~~ - ! ~ ++ \(en\(en \(en * & unary right to left -.tr ~ - * / % binary left to right - + \(en binary left to right - << >> binary left to right - < <= > >= binary left to right - == != binary left to right - & binary left to right - ^ binary left to right - | binary left to right - && binary left to right - || binary left to right - = binary right to left -.fi -.HS -Comments are introduced by a '#' symbol and are terminated by -the first newline character. The standard \*(OQ/*\*(CQ and \*(OQ*/\*(CQ -comment delimiters are not supported and will result in a -syntax error. -.SP 0.5 -.SS "Fields" -.SP 0.5 -.PP -When \fIawk\fR reads a line from the current input file, the -record is automatically separated into \*(OQfields.\*(CQ A field is -simply a string of consecutive characters delimited by either -the beginning or end of line, or a \*(OQfield separator\*(CQ character. -Initially, the field separators are the space and tab character. -The special unary operator '$' is used to reference one of the -fields in the current input record (line). The fields are -numbered sequentially starting at 1. The expression \*(OQ$0\*(CQ -references the entire input line. -.PP -Similarly, the \*(OQrecord separator\*(CQ is used to determine the end -of an input \*(OQline,\*(CQ initially the newline character. The field -and record separators may be changed programatically by one of -the actions and will remain in effect until changed again. -.PP -Multiple (up to 10) field separators are allowed at a time, but -only one record separator. -.PP -Fields behave exactly like strings; and can be used in the same -context as a character array. These \*(OQarrays\*(CQ can be considered -to have been declared as: -.SP 0.15 -.HS -~~~~~char ($n)[ 128 ]; -.HS -.SP 0.15 -In other words, they are 128 bytes long. Notice that the -parentheses are necessary because the operators [] and $ -associate from right to left; without them, the statement -would have parsed as: -.HS -.SP 0.15 -~~~~~char $(1[ 128 ]); -.HS -.SP 0.15 -which is obviously ridiculous. -.PP -If the contents of one of these field arrays is altered, the -\*(OQ$0\*(CQ field will reflect this change. For example, this -expression: -.HS -.SP 0.15 -~~~~~*$4 = 'A'; -.HS -.SP 0.15 -will change the first character of the fourth field to an upper- -case letter 'A'. Then, when the following input line: -.HS -.SP 0.15 -~~~~~120 PRINT "Name address Zip" -.SP 0.15 -.HS -is processed, it would be printed as: -.HS -.SP 0.15 -~~~~~120 PRINT "Name Address Zip" -.HS -.SP 0.15 -Fields may also be modified with the strcpy() function (see -below). For example, the expression: -.HS -~~~~~strcpy( $4, "Addr." ); -.HS -applied to the same line above would yield: -.HS -~~~~~120 PRINT "Name Addr. Zip" -.HS -.SS "Predefined Variables" -.PP -The following variables are pre-defined: -.HS -.in +1.5i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.25i -FS Field separator (see below). -.ti -1.25i -RS Record separator (see below also). -.ti -1.25i -NF Number of fields in current input record (line). -.ti -1.25i -NR Number of records processed thus far. -.ti -1.25i -FILENAME Name of current input file. -.ti -1.25i -BEGIN A special that matches the beginning of input text. -.ti -1.25i -END A special that matches the end of input text. -.in -1.5i -.HS -\fIAwk\fR also provides some useful built-in functions for string -manipulation and printing: -.HS -.in +1.5i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.25i -print(arg) Simple printing of strings only, terminated by '\\n'. -.ti -1.25i -printf(arg...) Exactly the printf() function from C. -.ti -1.25i -getline() Reads the next record and returns 0 on end of file. -.ti -1.25i -nextfile() Closes the current input file and begins processing the next file -.ti -1.25i -strlen(s) Returns the length of its string argument. -.ti -1.25i -strcpy(s,t) Copies the string \*(OQt\*(CQ to the string \*(OQs\*(CQ. -.ti -1.25i -strcmp(s,t) Compares the \*(OQs\*(CQ to \*(OQt\*(CQ and returns 0 if they match. -.ti -1.25i -toupper(c) Returns its character argument converted to upper-case. -.ti -1.25i -tolower(c) Returns its character argument converted to lower-case. -.ti -1.25i -match(s,@re@) Compares the string \*(OQs\*(CQ to the regular expression \*(OQre\*(CQ and -returns the number of matches found (zero if none). -.in -1.5i -.SS "Authors" -.PP -\fIAwk\fR was written by Saeko Hirabauashi and Kouichi Hirabayashi. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/de.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/de.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,313 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH DE 9 -.CD "de \(en disk editor" -.SX "de\fR [\fB\(enw\fR] \fIblock_device" -.SX "de \(enr \fIfile -.FL "\(enr" "Recover a file that has been removed" -.FL "\(enw" "Enable writing, so device can be modified" -.EX "de \(enr /usr/ast/prog.c" "Undo the effects of: \fIrm /usr/ast/prog.c\fR" -.EX "de \(enw /dev/fd0" "Edit \fI/dev/fd0\fR for writing" -.PP -The \fIde\fR program allows a system administrator to examine and modify -a \s-2MINIX\s0 file system device. -Commands are available to move to any address on the disk -and display the disk block contents. This information may -be presented in one of three visual modes: as two-byte words, -as ASCII characters or as a bit map. The disk may be searched -for a string of characters. If the \fB\(enw\fR option is given, -\fIde\fR will open the device for writing and words may be -modified. -Without this flag, writing is prohibited. -Lost blocks and files can be recovered using a variety of -commands. The \fB\(enr\fR option supports automated recovery of -files removed by \fIunlink\fR. -.SS "Positioning" -.PP -Disks are divided into blocks (also called \*(OQzones\*(CQ) of 1024 -bytes. \fIDe\fR keeps a current address on the disk as a -block number and a byte offset within the block. In some -visual modes the offset is rounded off, for example, in -\*(OQword\*(CQ mode the offset must be even. -.PP -There are different types of blocks on a file system device, -including a super block, bit maps, i-nodes and data blocks. -\fIDe\fR knows the type of the current block, but will allow -most positioning commands and visual modes to function -anywhere on the disk. -.PP -The \fIf\fR command (or PGDN on the keypad) moves forward to the -next block, similarly \fIb\fR (PGUP) moves backwards one block. -\fIF\fR (END) moves to the last block and \fIB\fR (HOME) moves to the -first block. -.PP -The arrow keys (or -\fIu\fR, \fId\fR, \fIl\fR, and \fIr\fR) change the current -address by small increments. The size of the increment -depends on the current display mode, as shown below. The -various sizes suit each display and pointers move on the -screen to follow each press of an arrow key. -.HS -.if t .ta .75iR 1.5iR 2.25iR 3.0iR 3.75iR -.if n .ta .75i 1.5i 2.25i 3.0i 3.75i -.nf -\fB Mode Up Down Left Right\fR - Word \(mi2 +2 \(mi32 +32 - Block \(mi64 +64 \(mi1 +1 - Map \(mi256 +256 \(mi4 +4 -.fi -.HS -The \fIg\fR command allows movement to any specified block. -Like all commands that take arguments, a prompt and -subsequent input are written to the bottom line of the -screen. Numerical entry may be decimal, octal or -hexadecimal, for example 234, \(mi1, 070, 0xf3, \(miX3C. -.PP -While checking an i-node one may want to move to a block -listed as a zone of the file. The \fIG\fR command takes the -contents at the current address in the device as a block -number and indirectly jumps to that block. -.PP -The address may be set to the start of any i-node using -the \fI\fR command and supplying an i-node number. The \fII\fR -command maps a given file name into an i-node address. -The file must exist on the current device and this -device must be mounted. -.SS "The Display" -.PP -The first line of the display contains the device name, -the name of the current output file (if one is open) and -the current search string. If \fIde\fR is being run with -the \fB\(enw\fR option then the device name is flagged with \*(OQ(w).\*(CQ -If a string is too long to fit on the line it is marked with \*(OQ...\*(CQ. -.PP -The second line contains the current block number, the -total number of blocks, and the type of the current block. -The types are: boot, super, i-node bit map, zone bit map, -i-nodes and data block. -If the current address is -within a data block then the string \*(OQin use\*(CQ is displayed -if the block corresponds to a set in the zone bit map. -.PP -The third line shows the offset in the current block. If -the current address is within either the i-node or zone bit -maps then the i-node or block number corresponding to the -current bit is shown. If the current address is within an -i-node then the i-node number and \*(OQin use\*(CQ status is displayed. -If the address is within a bit map or i-node block, but past -the last usable entry, then the string \*(OQpadding\*(CQ is shown. -.PP -The rest of the screen is used to display data from the -current block. There are three visual display modes: -\*(OQword,\*(CQ \*(OQblock,\*(CQ and \*(OQmap.\*(CQ -The \fIv\fR command followed by -\fIw\fR, \fIb\fR, or \fIm\fR sets the current display mode. -.PP -In \*(OQword\*(CQ mode 16 words, of two bytes each, are shown in -either base 2, 8, 10 or 16. The current base is displayed -to the far right of the screen. It can be changed using the -\fIo\fR command followed by either an \fIh\fR (hexadecimal), \fId\fR -(decimal), \fIo\fR (octal) or \fIb\fR (binary). -.PP -\fIDe\fR knows where i-nodes are, and will display the -contents in a readable format, including the \fIrwx\fR bits, -the user name and the time field. If the current page -is at the beginning of the super block, or an executable -file or an \fIar\fR archive, then \fIde\fR will also inform -the user. In all other cases the contents of the 16 -words are shown to the right as equivalent ASCII -characters. -.PP -In \*(OQblock\*(CQ mode a whole block of 1024 bytes is displayed -as ASCII characters, 64 columns by 16 lines. Control codes -are shown as highlighted characters. If the high order bit -is set in any of the 1024 bytes then an \*(OQMSB\*(CQ flag is shown -on the far right of the screen, but these bytes are not -individually marked. -.PP -In \*(OQmap\*(CQ mode 2048 bits (256 bytes) are displayed from the -top to the bottom (32 bits) and from the left to the right -of the screen. Bit zero of a byte is towards the top of the -screen. This visual mode is generally used to observe -the bit map blocks. The number of set bits displayed is -written on the far right of the screen. -.SS "Searching" -.PP -A search for an ASCII string is initiated by the \fI/\fR command. -Control characters not used for other purposes may be -entered in the search string, for example CTRL-J is an end-of-line -character. The search is from the current position to -the end of the current device. -.PP -Once a search string has been defined by a use of \fI/\fR, the -next search may be initiated with the \fIn\fR command, (a \fI/\fR -followed immediately by an ENTER is equivalent to an \fIn\fR). -.PP -Whenever a search is in progress \fIde\fR will append -one \fI.\fR to the prompt line for every 500 blocks searched. If the -string is found between the end of the file system and the -actual end of the device, then the current address is set to -the end of the file system. -.PP -Some of the positioning commands push the current address -and visual mode in a stack before going to a new address. -These commands are -\fIB\fR, \fIF\fR, \fIg\fR, \fIG\fR, \fIi\fR, \fII\fR, \fIn\fR, \fIx\fR and -\fI/\fR. -The \fIp\fR -(previous) command pops the last address and visual mode -from the stack. This stack is eight entries deep. -.SS "Modifying the File System" -.PP -The \fIs\fR command will prompt for a data word and store it at -the current address on the disk. This is used to change -information that can not be easily changed by any other -means. -.PP -The data word is 16 bits wide, it may be entered in decimal, -octal or hexadecimal. Remember that the \fB\(enw\fR option must -be specified for the \fIs\fR command to operate. Be careful -when modifying a mounted file system. -.SS "Recovering Files" -.PP -Any block on the disk may be written to an output file. -This is used to recover blocks marked as free on the -disk. A write command will request a file name the first -time it is used, on subsequent writes the data is appended -to the current output file. -.PP -The name of the current output file is changed using the -\fIc\fR command. This file should be on a different file system, -to avoid overwriting an i-node or block before it is -recovered. -.PP -An ASCII block is usually recovered using the \fIw\fR command. -All bytes will have their most significant bit cleared before -being written to the output file. Bytes containing '\\0' -or '\\177' are not copied. The \fIW\fR command writes the current -block (1024 bytes exactly) to the output file. -.PP -When a file is deleted using \fIunlink\fR the i-node number -in the directory is zeroed, but before its removal, it is -copied into the end of the file name field. This allows -the i-node of a deleted file to be found by searching -through a directory. The \fIx\fR command asks for the path -name of a lost file, extracts the old i-node number and -changes the current disk address to the start of the -i-node. -.PP -Once an i-node is found, all of the freed blocks may be -recovered by checking the i-node zone fields, using 'G' -to go to a block, writing it back out using 'w', going -back to the i-node with \fIp\fR and advancing to the next -block. This file extraction process is automated by using -the \fIX\fR command, which goes through the i-node, indirect -and double indirect blocks finding all the block pointers -and recovering all the blocks of the file. -.PP -The \fIX\fR command closes the current output file and asks -for the name of a new output file. All of the disk blocks -must be marked as free, if they are not the command stops -and the file must be recovered manually. -.PP -When extracting lost blocks \fIde\fR will maintain \*(OQholes\*(CQ in -the file. Thus, a recovered sparse file does not allocate -unused blocks and will keep its efficient storage scheme. -This property of the \fIX\fR command may be used to move a sparse -file from one device to another. -.PP -Automatic recovery may be initiated by the \fB\(enr\fR option on -the command line. Also specified is the path name of a -file just removed by \fIunlink\fR. \fIDe\fR determines which -mounted file system device held the file and opens it for -reading. The lost i-node is found and the file extracted by -automatically performing an \fIx\fR and an \fIX\fR command. -.PP -The recovered file will be written to \fI/tmp\fR. \fIDe\fR will -refuse to automatically recover a file on the same file -system as \fI/tmp\fR. The lost file must have belonged to the -user. If automatic recovery will not complete, then manual -recovery may be performed. -.SS "Miscellaneous" -.PP -The user can terminate a session with \fIde\fR by typing -\fIq\fR, CTRL-D, or the key associated with SIGQUIT. -.PP -The \fIm\fR command invokes the \s-2MINIX\s0 \fIsh\fR shell as a subprocess. -.PP -For help while using \fIde\fR use \fIh\fR. -.SS "Command Summary" -.LP -.ta 0.25i 1.0i 1.5i -.nf -.sp - PGUP b Back one block - PGDN f Forward one block - HOME B Goto first block - END F Goto last block - UP u Move back 2/64/256 bytes - DOWN d Move forward 2/64/256 bytes - LEFT l Move back 32/1/4 bytes - RIGHT r Move forward 32/1/4 bytes - g Goto specified block - G Goto block indirectly - i Goto specified i-node - I Filename to i-node - / Search - n Next occurrence - p Previous address - h Help - EOF q Quit - m \s-2MINIX\s0 shell - v Visual mode (w b m) - o Output base (h d o b) - c Change file name - w Write ASCII block - W Write block exactly - x Extract lost directory entry - X Extract lost file blocks - s Store word -.fi -.sp -NOTES: -When entering a line in response to a prompt from \fIde\fR -there are a couple of editing characters available. The -previous character may be erased by typing CTRL-H and the -whole line may be erased by typing CTRL-U. ENTER terminates -the input. If DELETE or a non-ASCII character is typed -then the command requesting the input is aborted. -.PP -The commands \fIG\fR, \fIs\fR and \fIX\fR will only function if -the current visual display mode is \*(OQword.\*(CQ -The commands -\fIi\fR, \fII\fR and \fIx\fR change the mode to \*(OQword\*(CQ on -completion. The commands \fIG\fR and \fI/\fR change the mode -to \*(OQblock\*(CQ. These restrictions and automatic mode -conversions are intended to aid the user. -.PP -The \*(OQmap\*(CQ mode uses special graphic characters, and -only functions if the user is at the console. -.PP -\fIDe\fR generates warnings for illegal user input or if -erroneous data is found on the disk, for example a -corrupted magic number. Warnings appear in the middle -of the screen for two seconds, then the current page -is redrawn. Some minor errors, for example, setting -an unknown visual mode, simply ring the bell. Major -errors, for example I/O problems on the file system -device cause an immediate exit from \fIde\fR. -.PP -The i-node and zone bit maps are read from the device -when \fIde\fR starts up. These determine whether \*(OQin use\*(CQ -or \*(OQnot in use\*(CQ is displayed in the status field at -the top of the screen. The bit maps are not re-read -while using \fIde\fR and will become out-of-date if -observing a mounted file system. -.PP -\fIDe\fR requires termcap definitions for \*(OQcm\*(CQ and \*(OQcl\*(CQ. -Furthermore, \*(OQso\*(CQ and \*(OQse\*(CQ will also be used if available. -The ANSI strings generated by the keypad arrows are recognized, -as well as any single character codes defined by \*(OQku\*(CQ, -\*(OQkd\*(CQ, \*(OQkl\*(CQ and \*(OQkr\*(CQ. -.SS "Author" -.PP -The \fIde\fR program was written by Terrence Holm. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/dis88.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/dis88.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,84 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH DIS88 9 -.CD "dis88 \(en disassembler [IBM]" -.SX "dis88\fR [\fB\(eno\fR] \fIinfile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR]" -.FL "\(eno" "List the object code along with the assembly code" -.EX "dis88 a.out >listing" "Disassemble \fIa.out\fR" -.EX "dis88 \(eno a.out listing" "Ditto, but with object code" -.PP -\fIDis88\fR disassembles 8088 object code to the assembly language format -used by -.MX . -It makes full use of -symbol table information, supports separate -instruction and data space, and generates synthetic labels when needed. -It does not support 8087 mnemonics, symbolic data segment references, or -the ESC mnemonic. -.PP -The program is invoked by: -.HS -.Cx "dis88 [\(eno] infile [outfile]" -.HS -The \(eno flag causes object code to be listed. -If no outfile is given, \fIstdout\fR is used. -.PP -The text segment of an object file is always padded to an even address. -In addition, if the file has split I/D space, the text segment will be padded -to a paragraph boundary (i.e., an address divisible by 16). Due to padding, the -disassembler may produce a few spurious, but harmless, instructions at the end -of the text segment. -.PP -Because the information to which initialized data refers cannot generally -be inferred from context, the data segment is treated literally. Byte values -(in hexadecimal) are output, and long stretches of null data are represented by -appropriate \fI.zerow\fR pseudo-ops. -Disassembly of the bss segment, on the other -hand, is quite straightforward, because uninitialized data is all zero by -definition. -No data is output in the bss segment, but symbolic labels are output -as appropriate. -.PP -The output of operands in symbolic form is complicated somewhat by the -existence of assembler symbolic constants and segment override opcodes. Thus, -the program's symbol lookup routine attempts to apply a certain amount of -intelligence when it is asked to find a symbol. If it cannot match on a symbol -of the preferred type, it may output a symbol of some other type, depending on -preassigned (and somewhat arbitrary) rankings within each type. Finally, if -all else fails, it will output a string containing the address sought as a hex -constant. For user convenience, the targets of branches are also output, in -comments, as hexadecimal constants. -.SS "Error Messages" -.PP -Various error messages may be generated as a result of problems encountered -during the disassembly. -They are listed below -.HS. -.in +3.20i -.ta +2.75i +0.2i -.ti -2.95i -Cannot access input file \(en Input file cannot be opened or read -.ti -2.95i -Cannot open output file \(en Output file cannot be created -.ti -2.95i -Input file not in object format \(en Bad magic number -.ti -2.95i -Not an 8086/8088 object file \(en CPU ID of the file header is incorrect -.ti -2.95i -Reloc table overflow \(en Relocation table exceeds 1500 entries -.ti -2.95i -Symbol table overflow \(en Symbol table exceeds 1500 entries -.ti -2.95i -Lseek error \(en Input file corrupted (should never happen) -.ti -2.95i -Warning: no symbols \(en Symbol table is missing (use ast) -.ti -2.95i -Cannot reopen input file \(en Input file was removed during execution -.in -3.20i -.SS "Author" -.PP -\fIDis88\fR was written and -copyrighted by G. M. Harding and is included here by permission. It may be -freely redistributed provided that complete source code, with all copyright -notices, accompanies any redistribution. This provision also applies to any -modifications you may make. You are urged to comment such changes, giving, -as a minimum, your name and complete address. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/elle.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/elle.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,557 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH ELLE 9 -.CD "elle \(en ELLE Looks Like Emacs" -.SX "elle \fIfile\fR [\fIfile2\fR]" -.FL "\fR(none)" -.EY "elle file.c" "Start the editor" -.PP -\fIELLE\fR (ELLE Looks Like Emacs) is an Emacs clone for -.MX . -ELLE is not full Emacs but it has about 80 commands and is quite fast. -.SP 0.5 -.SS "Key bindings" -.SP 0.5 -.PP -\fIMined\fR only has a small number of commands. All of them are either of -the form CTRL-x or are on the numeric keypad. Emacs, in contrast, has so -many commands, that not only are all the CTRL-x commands used up, but so -are all the ESC x (escape followed by x; escape is not a shift character, -like CTRL). Even this is not enough, so CTRL-X is used as a prefix for -additional commands. Thus CTRL-X CTRL-L is a command, and so is CTRL-X K. -Note that what is conventionally written as CTRL-X K really means CTRL-X k. -In some contexts it is traditional to write CTRL-X as ^X. -Please note that they mean the same thing. -.PP -As a result, many Emacs commands need three or four key strokes to -execute. Some people think 3-4 key strokes is too many. -For this reason, Emacs and ELLE allow users to assign their own key bindings. -In ELLE this is done with \*(OQuser profiles.\*(CQ A user profile is a file listing -which function is invoked by which key stroke. The user profile is then -compiled by a program called ellec into binary form. When ELLE starts up -it checks to see if a file .ellepro.b1 exists in $HOME. If it does, this -file is read in and overrides the default bindings. -.PP -A user profile that simulates the \fImined\fR commands fairly -well is provided. -Its installation is described later. If you have never used Emacs, -it is suggested that you use the \fImined\fR profile. -If you normally use Emacs, then -do not install the \fImined\fR profile. You can also make your own using -\fIellec\fR. -There is no Mock Lisp. -.PP -ELLE has a character-oriented view of the world, not a line oriented -view, like \fIed\fR. -It does not have magic characters for searching. -However, you can use line feed in search patterns. -For example, to find a line consisting of the three characters -\*(OQfoo\*(CQ all by themselves on a line, using the mined -bindings (see below), use the pattern: CTRL-\\ CTRL-J f o o CTRL-\\ CTRL-J. -The CTRL-\ means to interpret the next character literally, in this case it -is CTRL-J, which is line feed. You can also search for patterns involving -multiple lines. For example, to find a line ending in an \*(OQx\*(CQ followed by a -line beginning with a \*(OQy\*(CQ, use as pattern: x CTRL-\ CTRL-J y. -.SS "Mined Key Bindings" -.PP -These are the key bindings if the binary user profile, \fI.ellepro.b1\fR, -is installed in $HOME. The ESCAPE key followed by a number followed by a -command causes that command to be executed \*(OQnumber\*(CQ times. This applies -both to control characters and insertable characters. CTRL-X refers to a -\*(OQcontrol character.\*(CQ ESC x refers to an escape character -followed by x. -In other words, ^X is a synonym for CTRL-X. -^X Y refers to CTRL-X followed by y. To abort the current command and go -back to the main loop of the editor, type CTRL-G, rather than CTRL-\\. -.PP -Only a few commands are of the form CTRL-X Y. All of these are also -bound to CTRL-X CTRL-Y, so you can hold down CTRL and then hit X Y, or -release control after the X, as you prefer. -.PP -The key bindings that are not listed should not be used. -Some of them actually do things. -For example, the ANSI escape codes ESC [ x are bound -to ^X Y for a variety of y. -.PP -Some commands work on regions. -A region is defined as the text between the most recently set mark -and the cursor. -.SP 0.5 -.SS "Mined Commands" -.SP 0.5 -.PP -If the \fImined\fR profile, -.I .ellepro.b1 -is installed in your home directory, the following commands will work. -.sp -.in +1.75i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.5i -\fBCURSOR MOTION\fR -.ti -1.25i -arrows Move the cursor in the indicated direction -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-A Move cursor to start of current line -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Z Move cursor to end of current line -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-F Move cursor forward word -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-B Move cursor backward to start of previous word -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBSCREEN MOTION\fR -.ti -1.25i -Home key Move to first character of the file -.ti -1.25i -End key Move to last character of the file -.ti -1.25i -PgUp key Scroll window up 22 lines (closer to start of the file) -.ti -1.25i -PgDn key Scroll window down 22 lines (closer to end of the file) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-U Scroll window up 1 line -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-D Scroll window down 1 line -.ti -1.25i -ESC , Move to top of screen -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-_ Move to bottom of screen -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMODIFYING TEXT\fR -.ti -1.25i -DEL key Delete the character under the cursor -.ti -1.25i -Backsp Delete the character to left of the cursor -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-N Delete the next word -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-P Delete the previous word -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-T Delete tail of line (all characters from cursor to end of line) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-O Open up the line (insert line feed and back up) -.ti -1.25i -ESC G Get and insert a file at the cursor position (CTRL-G in mined) -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBREGIONS\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-^ Set mark at current position for use with CTRL-C and CTRL-K -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-C Copy the text between the mark and the cursor into the buffer -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-K Delete text between mark and cursor; also copy it to the buffer -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Y Yank contents of the buffer out and insert it at the cursor -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMISCELLANEOUS\fR -.ti -1.25i -numeric + Search forward (prompts for expression) -.ti -1.25i -numeric \(mi Search backward (prompts for expression) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-] ESC n CTRL-[ goes to line n (slightly different syntax than mined) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-R Global replace pattern with string (from cursor to end) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-L Replace pattern with string within the current line only -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-W Write the edited file back to the disk -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-S Fork off a shell (use CTRL-D to get back to the editor) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-G Abort whatever the editor was doing and wait for command (CTRL-\) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-E Redraw screen with cursor line positioned in the middle -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-V Visit (edit) a new file -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Q Write buffer to a file -.ti -1.25i -ESC X Exit the editor -.SP 0.5 -.in -1.75i -.SS "Non-Mined Commands" -.LP -.SP 0.5 -.in +1.75i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.5i -\fBCURSOR MOTION\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC P Forward paragraph (a paragraph is a line beginning with a dot) -.ti -1.25i -ESC ] Backward paragraph -.ti -1.25i -ESC . Indent this line as much as the previous one -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMODIFYING TEXT\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-\\ Insert the next character (used for inserting control characters) -.ti -1.25i -ESC T Transpose characters -.ti -1.25i -ESC W Transpose words -.ti -1.25i -ESC = Delete white space (horizontal space) -.ti -1.25i -ESC | Delete blank lines (vertical space) -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBREGIONS\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC M Mark current paragraph -.ti -1.25i -ESC ^ Exchange cursor and mark -.ti -1.25i -ESC Y Yank back the next-to-the-last kill (CTRL-Y yanks the last one) -.ti -1.25i -ESC A Append next kill to kill buffer -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBKEYBOARD MACROS\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC / Start Keyboard Macro -.ti -1.25i -ESC \\ End Keyboard Macro -.ti -1.25i -ESC * View Keyboard Macro (the PrtSc key on the numeric pad is also a *) -.ti -1.25i -ESC E Execute Keyboard Macro -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBWINDOW MANAGEMENT\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X 1 Enter one window mode -.ti -1.25i -^X 2 Enter two window mode -.ti -1.25i -^X L Make the current window larger -.ti -1.25i -^X P Make the window more petit/petite (Yes, Virginia, they are English) -.ti -1.25i -^X N Next window -.ti -1.25i -^X W New window -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBBUFFER MANAGEMENT\fR -.ti -1.25i -numeric 5 Display the list of current files and buffers -.ti -1.25i -ESC B Select a buffer -.ti -1.25i -ESC S Select an existing buffer -.ti -1.25i -ESC N Mark a buffer as NOT modified (even if it really is) -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBUPPER AND LOW CASE MANIPULATION\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC I Set first character of word to upper case -.ti -1.25i -ESC C Capitalize current word -.ti -1.25i -ESC O Make current word ordinary (i.e., lower case) -.ti -1.25i -ESC U Set entire region between mark and cursor to upper case -.ti -1.25i -ESC L Set entire region between mark and cursor to lower case -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMISCELLANEOUS\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC F Find file and read it into its own buffer -.ti -1.25i -ESC Z Incremental search -.ti -1.25i -ESC Q Like CTRL-R, but queries at each occurrence (type ? for options) -.ti -1.25i -ESC R Reset the user profile from a file -.ti -1.25i -ESC H Help (ELLE prompts for the 1 or 2 character command to describe) -.ti -1.25i -ESC ; Insert a comment in a C program (generates /* */ for you) -.ti -1.25i -^X X Exit the editor (same as ESC X and CTRL-X CTRL-X) -.in -1.75i -.fi -.sp -The major differences between ELLE -with the \fImined\fR profile and \fImined\fR itself are: -.sp -.nf -.in +0.25i -1. The definition of a \*(OQword\*(CQ is different for forward and backward word -2. The mark is set with CTRL-^ instead of CTRL-@ -3. Use CTRL-G to abort a command instead of CTRL-\\ -4. Use CTRL-\ to literally insert the next character, instead of ALT -5. CTRL-E adjusts the window to put the cursor in the middle of it -6. To get and insert a file, use ESC G instead of CTRL-G -7. To go to line n, type ESC n CTRL-[ instead of CTRL-[ n -8. You exit with CTRL-X CTRL-X and then answer the question with \*(OQy\*(CQ. -9. There are many new commands, windows, larger files, etc. -.fi -.in -0.25i -.sp -.SS "Emacs Key Bindings" -.PP -If you do not have the \fImined\fR profile installed, you get the standard -Emacs key bindings. -These are listed below. -Commands not listed are not implemented. -.sp -.in +1.75i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.5i -\fBCURSOR MOVEMENT\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-F Forward one character. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-B Backward one character. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-H Same as CTRL-B: move backward one character. -.ti -1.25i -ESC F Forward one word. -.ti -1.25i -ESC B Backward one word. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-A Beginning of current line. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-E End of current line. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-N Next line (goes to the next line). -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-P Previous line (goes to the previous line). -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-V Beginning of next screenful. -.ti -1.25i -ESC V Beginning of previous screenful. -.ti -1.25i -ESC ]~ Forward Paragraph. -.ti -1.25i -ESC [~ Backward Paragraph. -.ti -1.25i -ESC < Beginning of whole buffer. -.ti -1.25i -ESC > End of whole buffer. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBDELETING\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-D Deletes forward one character (the one the cursor is under). -.ti -1.25i -DELETE Deletes backward one character (the one to left of cursor). -.ti -1.25i -ESC D Kills forward one word. -.ti -1.25i -ESC DEL Kills backward one word. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-K Kills the rest of the line (to the right of the cursor). -.ti -1.25i -ESC \\ Deletes spaces around the cursor. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-O Deletes blank lines around the cursor. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBCASE CHANGE\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC C Capitalizes word : first letter becomes uppercase; rest lower -.ti -1.25i -ESC L Makes the whole next word lowercase. -.ti -1.25i -ESC U Makes the whole next word uppercase. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-L Makes whole region lowercase. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-U Makes whole region uppercase. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBSEARCHING\fR (If no string is given, previous string is used) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-S Incremental Search forward; prompts \*(OQI-search:\*(CQ -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-R Reverse Incremental Search; prompts \*(OQR-search:\*(CQ -.HS -During an incremental search, the following characters have special effects: -.HS -.in +1.2i -.ta +1.0i +0.2i -.ti -1.2i -\*(OQnormal\*(CQ - Begin searching immediately. -.ti -1.2i -^G - Cancel I-search, return to start. -.ti -1.2i -DEL - Erase last char, return to last match. -.ti -1.2i -^S, ^R - Repeat search (or change direction). -.ti -1.2i -ESC or CR - Exit I-search at current point. -.sp -.in -1.2i -.ta +1.25i -.ti -1.25i -ESC % Query Replace. Interactive replace. Type \*(OQ?\*(CQ to see options. -.ti -1.25i -^X % Replace String. Like Query Replace, but not interactive -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMARKING AREAS\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-^ Set mark -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-X Exchange cursor and mark. -.ti -1.25i -ESC H Mark Paragraph. Sets mark and cursor to surround a para. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-W Wipe-out -- kills a \*(OQregion\*(CQ: -.ti -1.25i -ESC W Copy region. Like CTRL-W then CTRL-Y but modifies buffer -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Y Yanks-back (un-kills) whatever you have most recently killed. -.ti -1.25i -ESC Y Yanks-back (un-kills) the next most recently killed text. -.ti -1.25i -ESC CTRL-W Append Next Kill. Accumulates stuff from several kills -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBFILLING TEXT\fR -.ti -1.25i -ESC Q Fill the paragraph to the size of the Fill Column. -.ti -1.25i -ESC G Fill the region. -.ti -1.25i -^X F Set Fill Column. ESC Q will use this line size. -.ti -1.25i -^X . Set Fill Prefix. Asks for prefix string -.ti -1.25i -^X T Toggles Auto Fill Mode. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBWINDOWS\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X 2 Make two windows (split screen). -.ti -1.25i -^X 1 Make one window (delete window) (make one screen). -.ti -1.25i -^X O Go to Other window. -.ti -1.25i -^X ^ Grow window: makes current window bigger. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBBUFFERS\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-F Find a file and make a buffer for it. -.ti -1.25i -^X B Select Buffer: goes to specified buffer or makes new one -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-B Show the names of the buffers used in this editing session. -.ti -1.25i -^X K Kill Buffer. -.ti -1.25i -ESC tilde Say buffer is not modified. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-M Toggle EOL mode (per-buffer flag). -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBKEYBOARD MACRO\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X ( Start collecting a keyboard macro. -.ti -1.25i -^X ) Stop collecting. -.ti -1.25i -^X E Execute the collected macro. -.ti -1.25i -^X * Display the collected macro. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBFILES\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-I Insert a file where cursor is. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-R Read a new file into current buffer. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-V Same as ^X ^R above (reads a file). -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-W Write buffer out to new file name. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-S Save file: write out buffer to its file name. -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-E Write region out to new file name. -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBMISCELLANEOUS\fR -.ti -1.25i -^X CTRL-Z Exit from ELLE. -.ti -1.25i -^X ! Escape to shell (CTRL-D to return) -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-O Open up line -.ti -1.25i -LINEFEED Same as typing RETURN and TAB. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-T Transposes characters. -.ti -1.25i -ESC T Transposes words. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-U Makes the next command happen four times. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-U number Makes the next command happen \*(OQnumber\*(CQ times. -.ti -1.25i -ESC number Same as CTRL-U number. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-L Refreshes screen. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-U CTRL-L Refresh only the line cursor is on. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-U n CTRL-L Change window so the cursor is on line n -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Q Quote: insert the next character no matter what it is. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-G Quit: use to avoid answering a question. -.ti -1.25i -ESC ; Inserts comment (for writing C programs). -.ti -1.25i -ESC I Inserts indentation equal to previous line. -.ti -1.25i -ESC M Move to end of this line's indentation. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-_ Describe a command (if the command database is online) -.sp -.ti -1.5i -\fBUNUSED CONTROLS\fR -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-C Not used. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-Z Not used. -.ti -1.25i -CTRL-] Not used. -.fi -.in -1.75i -.sp -.SP 0.5 -.SS "ELLE profile" -.PP -It is possible to create your own user profile. -The mechanism is different from Emacs, since ELLE does not have Mock Lisp. -Proceed as follows. -.LI -.IT -Modify \fI.ellepro.e\fR to suit your taste. -.IT -Install \fI.ellepro.e\fR in your home directory. -.IT -Type: -.HS -.Cx "ellec \(enProfile" -.HS -.IT -Check to see if \fI.ellepro.b1\fR has been created. -If it has, you are ready to go. -.LX -.SS "Author" -.PP -ELLE was written by Ken Harrenstien of SRI (klh@sri.com). Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/elvis.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/elvis.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,1258 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH ELVIS 9 -.CD "elvis \(en clone of the Berkeley vi editor" -.SX "elvis \fR[\fB\(enRerv\fR] [\fB\(ent \fItag\fR] \fR[\fIfile\fR] ..." -.FL "\(enR" "Set the read-only option" -.FL "\(ene" "Start up emulating \fIex\fR" -.FL "\(enr" "Tell the user to use \fIelvrec\fR instead -.FL "\(ent" "Start editing at the given tag" -.FL "\(env" "Start up emulating \fIvi\fR" -.EX "elvis" "Call the editor" -.EX "elvis prog.c" "edit \fIprog.c\fR" -.PP -\fIElvis\fR is a full-screen editor closely modeled on the famous Berkeley -\fIvi\fR editor. -It provides essentially the same interface to the user as \fIvi\fR, but the -code is completely new, written from scratch. -This document provides a brief introduction to \fIvi\fR. -It is not intended as a tutorial for beginners. -Most books on -.Ux -cover \fIvi\fR. -.PP -Like \fIvi\fR, \fIelvis\fR can operate as a screen editor -(\fIvi\fR mode) or as a line editor (\fIex\fR) mode. -It can be called either as \fIelvis\fR \fIvi\fR,or as \fIex\fR, -depending on which is desired. -They are all links to the same file. -.SS "Vi Commands" -.PP -Below is a list of the \fIvi\fR commands supported. -The following symbols are used in the table: -.HS -.in +1.25i -.ta +1.0i -.ti -1.0i -count Integer parameter telling how many or how much -.ti -1.0i -key One character parameter to the command -.ti -1.0i -inp Interactive input expected -.ti -1.0i -mv Indicates how much for commands like \fIdelete\fR and \fIchange\fR: -.in +0.8i -.ta +0.3i -.ti -0.3i -( Previous sentence -.ti -0.3i -) Next sentence -.ti -0.3i -{ Previous paragraph -.ti -0.3i -} Next paragraph (delimited by blank line, \fI.PP, .LP, .IP\fR etc.) -.ti -0.3i -[ Previous section (delimited by \fI.SH\fR or \fI.NH\fR) -.br -A repeated command character means the scope is this line -.in -0.8i -.ta +1.0i -.ti -1.0i -MOVE Indicates commands that may also be used where \fImv\fR is specified -.ti -1.0i -EDIT These commands affect text and may be repeated by the \fI.\fR command -.in -1.25i -.HS -In addition to the above notation, the caret (^) is used as an abbreviation -for CTRL. -For example, ^A means CTRL-A. -.HS -.in +2i -.ta +1i +1i +3.3i -.ti -2i -\fBCount~~~~ Command Description Type\fR -.ti -2i - ^A (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^B Move toward the top of the file by 1 screenful -.ti -2i - ^C (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count ^D Scroll down \fIcount\fR lines (default 1/2 screen) -.ti -2i -count ^E Scroll up \fIcount\fR lines -.ti -2i - ^F Move toward the bottom of the file by 1 screenful -.ti -2i - ^G Show file status, and the current line -.ti -2i -count ^H Move left, like \fIh\fR MOVE -.ti -2i - ^I (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count ^J Move down MOVE -.ti -2i - ^K (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^l Redraw the screen -.ti -2i -count ^M Move to the front of the next line MOVE -.ti -2i -count ^N Move down MOVE -.ti -2i - ^O (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count ^P Move up MOVE -.ti -2i - ^Q (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^R Redraw the screen -.ti -2i - ^S (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^T (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count ^U Scroll up \fIcount\fR lines (default 1/2 screen) -.ti -2i - ^V (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^W (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^X (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count ^Y Scroll down \fIcount\fR lines -.ti -2i - ^Z (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ESC (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^\e (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ^] If the cursor is on a tag name, go to that tag -.ti -2i - ^^ Save this file and edit the previous file -.ti -2i - ^_ (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count SPACE Move right,like \fIl\fR MOVE -.ti -2i - ! mv Run the selected lines thru an external filter program -.ti -2i - " key Select which cut buffer to use next -.ti -2i - # (Not defined) -.ti -2i - $ Move to the rear of the current line MOVE -.ti -2i - % move to the matching (){}[] character MOVE -.ti -2i - & (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ' key Move to a marked line MOVE -.ti -2i -count ( Move backward \fIcount\fR sentences MOVE -.ti -2i -count ) Move forward \fIcount\fR sentences MOVE -.ti -2i - * (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count + Move to the front of the next line MOVE -.ti -2i -count , Repeat the previous [\fIfFtT\fR] but the other way MOVE -.ti -2i -count \(en Move to the front of the preceding line MOVE -.ti -2i - . Repeat the previous \*(OQedit\*(CQ command -.ti -2i - / Text search forward for a given regular expr MOVE -.ti -2i - 0 If not part of count, move to 1st char of this line MOVE -.ti -2i - 1 Part of count -.ti -2i - 2 Part of count -.ti -2i - 3 Part of count -.ti -2i - 4 Part of count -.ti -2i - 5 Part of count -.ti -2i - 6 Part of count -.ti -2i - 7 Part of count -.ti -2i - 8 Part of count -.ti -2i - 9 Part of count -.ti -2i - : Text. Run single \fIex\fR cmd -.ti -2i -count ; Repeat the previous [fFtT] cmd MOVE -.ti -2i -count < mv Shift text left EDIT -.ti -2i - = (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count > mv Shift text right EDIT -.ti -2i - ? text Search backward for a given regular expression MOVE -.ti -2i - @ (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count A inp Append at end of the line EDIT -.ti -2i -count B Move back Word MOVE -.ti -2i - C inp Change text from cursor through end of line EDIT -.ti -2i - D Delete text from cursor through end of line EDIT -.ti -2i -count E Move end of Word MOVE -.ti -2i -count F key Move leftward to a given character MOVE -.ti -2i -count G Move to line #\fIcount\fR (default is the bottom line) MOVE -.ti -2i -count H Move to home row (the line at the top of the screen) -.ti -2i -count I inp Insert at the front of the line (after indents) EDIT -.ti -2i -count J Join lines, to form one big line EDIT -.ti -2i - K Look up keyword -.ti -2i -count L Move to last row (the line at the bottom of the screen) -.ti -2i - M Move to middle row (the line in the middle) -.ti -2i - N Repeat previous search, but the opposite way MOVE -.ti -2i -count O inp Open up a new line above the current line EDIT -.ti -2i - P Paste text before the cursor -.ti -2i - Q Quit to EX mode -.ti -2i - R inp Overtype EDIT -.ti -2i -count S inp Change lines, like \fIcount\fRcc -.ti -2i -count T key Move leftward \fIalmost\fR to a given character MOVE -.ti -2i - U Undo all recent changes to the current line -.ti -2i - V (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count W Move forward \fIcount\fR Words MOVE -.ti -2i -count X Delete the character(s) to the left of the cursor EDIT -.ti -2i -count Y Yank text line(s) (copy them into a cut buffer) -.ti -2i - Z Z Save the file & exit -.ti -2i - [ [ Move back 1 section MOVE -.ti -2i - \e (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ] ] Move forward 1 section MOVE -.ti -2i - ^ Move to the front of the current line (after indent) MOVE -.ti -2i - \(ul (Not defined) -.ti -2i - ` key Move to a marked character MOVE -.ti -2i -count a inp Insert text after the cursor EDIT -.ti -2i -count b Move back \fIcount\fR words MOVE -.ti -2i - c mv Change text EDIT -.ti -2i - d mv Delete text EDIT -.ti -2i -count e Move forward to the end of the current word MOVE -.ti -2i -count f key Move rightward to a given character MOVE -.ti -2i - g (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count h Move left MOVE -.ti -2i -count i inp Insert text at the cursor EDIT -.ti -2i -count j Move down MOVE -.ti -2i -count k Move up MOVE -.ti -2i -count l Move right MOVE -.ti -2i - m key Mark a line or character -.ti -2i - n Repeat the previous search MOVE -.ti -2i -count o inp Open a new line below the current line EDIT -.ti -2i - p Paste text after the cursor -.ti -2i - q (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count r key Replace \fIcount\fR chars by a given character EDIT -.ti -2i -count s inp Replace \fIcount\fR chars with text from the user EDIT -.ti -2i -count t key Move rightward \fIalmost\fR to a given character MOVE -.ti -2i - u Undo the previous edit command -.ti -2i - v (Not defined) -.ti -2i -count w Move forward \fIcount\fR words MOVE -.ti -2i -count x Delete the character that the cursor's on EDIT -.ti -2i - y mv Yank text (copy it into a cut buffer) -.ti -2i - z key Scroll current line to the screen's +=top -=bottom .=middle -.ti -2i -count { Move back \fIcount\fR paragraphs MOVE -.ti -2i -count | Move to column \fIcount\fR (the leftmost column is 1) -.ti -2i -count } Move forward \fIcount\fR paragraphs MOVE -.ti -2i -.tr ~~ -count \(ap Switch a character between upper & lower case EDIT -.tr ~ -.ti -2i - DEL (Not defined) -.in -2i -.SS "Ex Commands" -.PP -Below is a list of the \fIex\fR commands supported. All can be abbreviated. -.UU "General" -.LP -.nf -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -[line] append - args [files] - cd [directory] - chdir [directory] -[line][,line] change -[line][,line] copy line -[line][,line] debug[!] -[line][,line] Delete [\*(CQx] - edit[!] [file] - ex[!] [file] - file -[line][,line] global /regexp/ command -[line] Insert -[line][,line] join -[line][,line] list - map[!] key mapped_to -[line] mark x - mkexrc -[line][,line] Move line - next[!] [files] - Next[!] - previous[!] -[line][,line] print -[line] put [\*(CQx] - quit[!] -[line] read file - rewind[!] - set [options] -[line][,line] substitute /regexp/replacement/[p][g] - tag[!] tagname -[line][,line] to line - Undo - unmap[!] key - validate[!] - version -[line][,line] vglobal /regexp/ command - visual - wq -[line][,line] write[!] [[>>]file] - xit[!] -[line][,line] yank [\*(CQx] -[line][,line] ! command -[line][,line] < -[line][,line] = -[line][,line] > -.SP 0.25 -.UU "Text Entry" -.SP 0.25 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line] append -[line][,line] change [\*(CQx] -[line] Insert -.fi - -The (a)ppend command inserts text after the specified line. - -The (i)nsert command inserts text before the specified line. - -The (c)hange command copies the range of lines into a cut buffer, -deletes them, and inserts new text where the old text used to be. - -For all of these commands, you indicate the end of the text you're -inserting by hitting ^D or by entering a line which contains only -a period. -.SP 0.25 -.UU "Cut & Paste" -.SP 0.25 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line][,line] Delete [\*(CQx] -[line][,line] yank [\*(CQx] -[line] put[!] [\*(CQx] -[line][,line] copy line -[line][,line] to line -[line][,line] Move line - -.fi -The (d)elete command copies the specified range of lines into a -cut buffer, and then deletes them. - -The (y)ank command copies the specified range of lines into a cut -buffer, but does \fInot\fR delete them. - -The (pu)t command inserts text from a cut buffer after the specified -line\(emor before it if the ! is present. - -The (co)py and (t)o commands yank the specified range of lines and then -immediately paste them after some other line. - -The (m)ove command deletes the specified range of lines and then -immediately pastes them after some other line. If the destination -line comes after the deleted text, then it will be adjusted -automatically to account for the deleted lines. -.UU "Displaying Text" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line][,line] print -[line][,line] list - -.fi -The (p)rint command displays the specified range of lines. - -The (l)ist command also displays them, but it is careful to make -control characters visible. -.UU "Global Operations" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line][,line] global /regexp/ command -[line][,line] vglobal /regexp/ command - -.fi -The (g)lobal command searches through the lines of the specified range -(or through the whole file if no range is specified) for lines that -contain a given regular expression. It then moves the cursor to each -of these lines and runs some other command on them. - -The (v)global command is similar, but it searches for lines that -\fIdo not\fR contain the regular expression. -.UU "Line Editing" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line][,line] join -[line][,line] ! program -[line][,line] < -[line][,line] > -[line][,line] substitute /regexp/replacement/[p][g] - -.fi -The (j)oin command concatenates all lines in the specified range together -to form one big line. If only a single line is specified, then the -following line is catenated onto it. - -The ! command runs an external filter program, and feeds the specified -range of lines to it's stdin. The lines are then replaced by the -output of the filter. A typical example would be \*(OQ:'a,'z!sort -n\*(CQ to -sort the lines 'a,'z according to their numeric values. - -The < and > commands shift the specified range of lines left or right, -normally by the width of 1 tab character. The \*(OQshiftwidth\*(CQ option -determines the shifting amount. - -The (s)ubstitute command finds the regular expression in each line, -and replaces it with the replacement text. The \*(OQp\*(CQ option causes -the altered lines to be printed, and the \*(OQg\*(CQ option permits all -instances of the regular expression to be found & replaced. (Without -\*(OQg\*(CQ, only the first occurrence is replaced.) -.SP 0.25 -.UU "Undo" -.SP 0.25 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - undo - -.fi -The (u)ndo command restores the file to the state it was in before your -most recent command which changed text. -.SP 0.25 -.UU "Configuration & Status" -.SP 0.25 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - map[!] [key mapped_to] - unmap[!] key - set [options] - mkexrc -[line] mark x - visual - version -[line][,line] = - file - -.fi -The (ma)p command allows you to configure \fIelvis\fR to recognize your -function keys, and treat them as though they transmitted some other -sequence of characters. Normally this mapping is done only when in -the visual command mode, but with the [!] present it will map keys -under all contexts. When this command is given with no arguments, -it prints a table showing all mappings currently in effect. When -called with two arguments, the first is the sequence that your -function key really sends, and the second is the sequence that you -want \fIelvis\fR to treat it as having sent. - -The (unm)ap command removes key definitions that were made via the -map command. - -The (se)t command allows you examine or set various options. With -no arguments, it displays the values of options that have been -changed. With the single argument \*(OQall\*(CQ it displays the values of -all options, regardless of whether they've been explicitly set or -not. Otherwise, the arguments are treated as options to be set. - -The (mk)exrc command saves the current configuration to a file -called \fI.exrc\fR in the current directory. - -The mar(k) command defines a named mark to refer to a specific place -in the file. This mark may be used later to specify lines for other -commands. - -The (vi)sual command puts the editor into visual mode. Instead of -emulating ex, \fIelvis\fR will start emulating vi. - -The (ve)rsion command tells you that what version of \fIelvis\fR this is. - -The = command tells you what line you specified, or, if you specified -a range of lines, it will tell you both endpoints and the number of -lines included in the range. - -The file command tells you the name of the file, whether it has been -modified, the number of lines in the file, and the current line number. -.UU "Multiple Files" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - args [files] - next[!] [files] - Next[!] - previous[!] - rewind[!] - -.fi -When you invoke \fIelvis\fR from your shell's command line, any filenames -that you give to \fIelvis\fR as arguments are stored in the args list. The -(ar)gs command will display this list, or define a new one. - -The (n)ext command switches from the current file to the next one in -the args list. You may specify a new args list here, too. - -The (N)ext and (pre)vious commands (they're really aliases for the same -command) switch from the current file to the preceding file in the -args list. - -The (rew)ind command switches from the current file to the first file -in the args list. -.SP 1 -.UU "Switching Files" -.SP 1 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - edit[!] [file] - tag[!] tagname - -.fi -The (e)dit command allows to switch from the current file to some other -file. This has nothing to do with the args list, by the way. - -The (ta)g command looks up a given tagname in a file called \*(OQtags". -This tells it which file the tag is in, and how to find it in that file. -\fIElvis\fR then switches to the tag's file and finds the tag. -.SP 1 -.UU "Exiting" -.SP 1 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - quit[!] - wq - xit - -.fi -The (q)uit command exits from the editor without saving your file. - -The (wq) and (x)it commands (really two names for the same command) -both write the file before exiting. -.UU "File I/O" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line] read file -[line][,line] write[!][[>>]file] - -.fi -The (r)ead command gets text from another file and inserts it after -the specified line. - -.fi -The (w)rite command writes the whole file, or just part of it, to -some other file. The !, if present, will permit the lines to be -written even if you've set the readonly option. If you precede the -filename by >> then the lies will be appended to the file. -.UU "Directory" -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf - cd [directory] - chdir [directory] - shell - -.fi -The (cd) and (chd)ir commands (really two names for one command) -switch the current working directory. - -The (sh)ell command starts an interactive shell. -.SP 0.5 -.UU "Debugging" -.SP 0.5 -.LP -.ta 1.2i 2.4i -.nf -[line][,line] debug[!] - validate[!] - -.fi -These commands are only available if you compile \fIelvis\fR with the -\fB-DDEBUG\fR flag. - -The de(b)ug command lists stats for the blocks which contain the -specified range of lines. If the ! is present, then the contents -of those blocks is displayed, too. - -The (va)lidate command checks certain variables for internal -consistency. Normally it does not output anything unless it detects -a problem. With the !, though, it will always produce *some* -output. -.SP 0.5 -.SS "Extensions" -.SP 0.5 -.PP. -.ta 1i -.in +0.25i -In addition to the standard commands, a variety of extra features are -present in \fIelvis\fR that are not present in \fIvi\fR. -They are described below. - -.ti -0.25i -.B .exrc -.br -\fIElvis\fR first runs a \fI.exrc\fR file (if there is one) from your $HOME -directory. After that, it runs a \fI.exrc\fR (if there is one) from the -current directory. The one in the current directory may override -settings made by the one in the $HOME directory. - -.ti -0.25i -.B :mkexrc -.ti -0.25i -.B :mk -.br -This EX command saves the current :set and :map configurations in -the \*(OQ.exrc\*(CQ file in your current directory. - -.ti -0.25i -.B :args -.ti -0.25i -.B :ar -.br -You can use the :args command to define a new args list, as in: - - :args *.h - -After you have defined a new args list, the next time you issue a -:next command \fIelvis\fR will switch to the first file of the new list. - -.ti -0.25i -.B :Next -.ti -0.25i -.B :previous -.ti -0.25i -.B :N -.ti -0.25i -.B :pre -.br -These commands move backwards through the args list. - -.ti -0.25i -.B zz -.br -In VI, the (lowercase) \*(OQzz\*(CQ command will center the current line on -the screen, like \*(OQz=" - -.ti -0.25i -.B . -.br -The default count value for . is the same as the previous command -which . is meant to repeat. However, you can supply a new count -if you wish. -For example, after \*(OQ3dw\*(CQ, \*(OQ.\*(CQ will delete 3 words, -but \*(OQ5.\*(CQ will delete 5 words. - -.ti -0.25i -\fB"\fR -.br -The text which was most recently input (via a \*(OQcw\*(CQ command, or -something similar) is saved in a cut buffer called ". (which is a -pretty hard name to write in an English sentence). You can use this -with the \*(OQp\*(CQ or \*(OQP\*(CQ commands thusly: -.HS - ".p -.HS -.ti -0.25i -.B K -.br -You can move the cursor onto a word and press shift-K to have \fIelvis\fR -run a reference program to look that word up. This command alone is -worth the price of admission! See the ctags and ref programs. - -.ti -0.25i -.B input -.br -You can backspace back past the beginning of the line. -If you type CTRL-A, then the text that you input last time is -inserted. You will remain in input mode, so you can backspace over -part of it, or add more to it. (This is sort of like CTRL-@ on -the real vi, except that CTRL-A really works.) - -Real \fIvi\fR can only remember up to 128 characters of input, but \fIelvis\fR -can remember any amount. - -.ti -0.25i -.B :set -charattr -.ti -0.25i -.B :se -ca -.br -\fIElvis\fR can display \*(OQbackslash-f\*(CQ style character attributes on the -screen as you edit. The following example shows the recognized -attributes: - - normal \fBboldface\fR \fIitalics\fR - -NOTE: you must compile \fIelvis\fR without the \(enDSET_NOCHARATTR flag for -this to work. -.in -0.25i -.SS "Omissions" -.PP -A few \fIvi\fR features are missing. -The replace mode is a hack. It does not save the text that it overwrites. -.PP -Long lines are displayed differently\(emwhere the real vi would wrap a long -line onto several rows of the screen, \fIelvis\fR simply displays part of the line, -and allows you to scroll the screen sideways to see the rest of it. -.PP -The \*(OQ:preserve\*(CQ and \*(OQ:recover\*(CQ commands are missing, as -is the \fB\(enr\fR flag. -\*(OQ:Preserve" is practically never used and since use of \*(OQ:recover\\*(CQ -is so rare, it was decided to implement it as a separate program. There's no -need to load the recovery code into memory every time you edit a file. -.PP -LISP support is missing. -The \*(OQ@\*(CQ and \*(OQ:@\*(CQ commands are missing. -You cannot APPEND to a cut buffer. -.SS "Options" -.PP -A variety of options can be set as described below: -.HS -.nf -.in +0.25i -.ta 0.9i 1.35i 2.1i 3.0i -\fBName Abbr Type Default Description\fR -autoindent as Bool FALSE autoindent during input? -autowrite aw Bool FALSE write file for :n command? -charattr ca Bool FALSE display bold & underline chars? -columns co Number 80 width of screen, in characters -directory dir String /usr/tmp where tmp files are kept -errorbells eb Bool TRUE ring bell on error? -exrefresh er Bool TRUE EX mode calls write() often? -ignorecase ic Bool FALSE searches: upper/lowercase OK? -keytime kt Number 1 allow slow receipt of ESC seq? -keywordprg kp String /usr/bin/ref program to run for shift-K -lines ln Number 25 height of screen, in lines -list li Bool FALSE show tabs as \*(OQ^I\*(CQ? -magic ma Bool TRUE searches: allow metacharacters? -paragraphs pa String PPppPApa paragraphs start with .PP, etc. -readonly ro Bool FALSE no file should be written back? -report re Number 5 report changes to X lines? -scroll sc Number 12 default #lines for ^U and ^D -sections se String SEseSHsh sections start with .SE, etc. -shell sh String \fI/bin/sh\fR shell program, from environment -shiftwidth sw Number 8 width of < or > commands -sidescroll ss Number 8 #chars to scroll sideways by -sync sy Bool FALSE call sync() after each change? -tabstop ts Number 8 width of a tab character -term te String "?" terminal type, from environment -vbell vb Bool TRUE use visible bell if possible? -warn wa Bool TRUE warn if file not saved for :!cmd -wrapmargin wm Number 0 Insert newline after which col? -wrapscan ws Bool TRUE searches: wrap at EOF? - -.fi -.ti -0.25i -.B autoindent -.br -During input mode, the autoindent option will cause each added line -to begin with the same amount of leading whitespace as the line above -it. Without autoindent, added lines are initially empty. - -.ti -0.25i -.B autowrite -.br -When you're editing one file and decide to switch to another\(emvia -the :tag command, or :next command, perhaps\(emif your current -file has been modified, then \fIelvis\fR will normally print an error -message and refuse to switch. - -However, if the autowrite option is on, then \fIelvis\fR will write the -modified version of the current file and successfully switch to the -new file. - -.ti -0.25i -.B charattr -.br -Many text formatting programs allow you to designate portions of -your text to be underlined, italicized, or boldface by embedding -the special strings \\fU, \\fI, and \\fB in your text. The special -string \\fR marks the end of underlined or boldface text. - -\fIElvis\fR normally treats those special strings just like any other -text. -However, if the \fIcharattr\fR option is on, then \fIelvis\fR will interpret -those special strings correctly, to display underlined or boldface -text on the screen. (This only works, of course, if your terminal -can display underlined and boldface, and if the TERMCAP entry says -how to do it.) - -.ti -0.25i -.B columns -.br -This is a \*(OQread only\*(CQ option. You cannot change its value, but you -can have \fIelvis\fR print it. It shows how wide your screen is. - -.ti -0.25i -.B directory -.br -Elvis uses temporary files to store changed text. -This option allows you to control where those temporary files will be. -Ideally, you should store them on in fast non-volatile memory, -such as a hard disk. - -This option can only be set in the ".exrc" file. - -.ti -0.25i -.B errorbells -.br -Normally, \fIelvis\fR will ring your terminal's bell if you make an error. -However, in noerrorbells mode, your terminal will remain silent. - -.ti -0.25i -.B exrefresh -.br -The EX mode of \fIelvis\fR writes many lines to the screen. You can make -\fIelvis\fR either write each line to the screen separately, or save up -many lines and write them all at once. - -The exrefresh option is normally on, so each line is written to the -screen separately. - -You may wish to turn the exrefresh option off (:se noer) if the -\*(OQwrite\*(CQ system call is costly on your machine, or if you're using a -windowing environment. (Windowing environments scroll text a lot -faster when you write many lines at once.) - -This option has no effect in \fIvi\fR mode. - -.ti -0.25i -.B ignorecase -.br -Normally, when \fIelvis\fR searches for text, it treats uppercase letters -as being different for lowercase letters. - -When the ignorecase option is on, uppercase and lowercase are treated -as equal. - -.ti -0.25i -.B keytime -.br -The arrow keys of most terminals send a multi-character sequence. -It takes a measurable amount of time for these sequences to be -transmitted. The keytime option allows you to control the maximum -amount of time to allow for an arrow key (or other mapped key) to -be received in full. - -The default keytime value is 2. Because of the way -.Ux -timekeeping works, the actual amount of time allowed will vary slightly, but it -will always be between 1 and 2 seconds. - -If you set keytime to 1, then the actual amount of time allowed will -be between 0 and 1 second. This will generally make the keyboard's -response be a little faster (mostly for the ESC key), but on those -occasions where the time allowed happens to be closer to 0 than 1 -second, \fIelvis\fR may fail to allow enough time for an arrow key's -sequence to be received fully. Ugh. - -As a special case, you can set keytime to 0 to disable this time -limit stuff altogether. The big problem here is: If your arrow -keys' sequences start with an ESC, then every time you hit your ESC -key \fIelvis\fR will wait... and wait... to see if maybe that ESC was -part of an arrow key's sequence. - -NOTE: this option is a generalization of the timeout option of the -real vi. - -.ti -0.25i -.B keywordprg -.br -\fIElvis\fR has a special keyword lookup feature. You move the cursor -onto a word, and hit shift-K, and \fIelvis\fR uses another program to -look up the word and display information about it. - -This option says which program gets run. It should contain the full -pathname of the program; your whole execution path is \fInot\fR checked. - -The default value of this option is \fI/usr/bin/ref\fR, which is a -program that looks up the definition of a function in C. It looks -up the function name in a file called \*(OQrefs\*(CQ which is created by -ctags. - -You can substitute other programs, such as an English dictionary -program or the online manual. \fIelvis\fR runs the program, using the -keyword as its only argument. The program should write information -to stdout. The program's exit status should be 0, unless you want -\fIelvis\fR to print \*(OQ<<< failed >>>". - -.ti -0.25i -.B lines -.br -This \*(OQread only\*(CQ option shows how many lines you screen has. - -.ti -0.25i -.B list -.br -Normally (in \*(OQnolist" mode) \fIelvis\fR will expand tabs to the proper -number of spaces on the screen, so that the file appears the same would it would -be if you printed it or looked at it with \fImore\fR. - -Sometimes, though, it can be handy to have the tabs displayed as \*(OQ^I". -In \*(OQlist" mode, \fIelvis\fR does this, and also displays a \*(OQ$" -after the end of the line. - -.ti -0.25i -.B magic -.br -The search mechanism in \fIelvis\fR can accept \*(OQregular -expressions\*(CQ\(emstrings in which certain characters have special meaning. -The magic option is normally on, which causes these characters to -be treated specially. -If you turn the magic option off (:se noma), then all characters -except ^ and $ are treated literally. ^ and $ retain their special -meanings regardless of the setting of magic. - -.ti -0.25i -.B paragraphs -.br -The { and } commands move the cursor forward or backward in increments -of one paragraph. Paragraphs may be separated by blank lines, or by -a \*(OQdot\*(CQ command of a text formatter. Different text formatters use -different \*(OQdot\*(CQ commands. This option allows you to configure \fIelvis\fR -to work with your text formatter. - -It is assumed that your formatter uses commands that start with a -".\*(CQ character at the front of a line, and then have a one- or -two-character command name. - -The value of the paragraphs option is a string in which each pair -of characters is one possible form of your text formatter's paragraph -command. - -.ti -0.25i -.B readonly -.br -Normally, \fIelvis\fR will let you write back any file to which you have -write permission. If you do not have write permission, then you -can only write the changed version of the file to a \fIdifferent\fR -file. - -If you set the readonly option, then \fIelvis\fR will pretend you do not -have write permission to \fIany\fR file you edit. It is useful when -you really only mean to use \fIelvis\fR to look at a file, not to change -it. This way you cannot change it accidentally. - -This option is normally off, unless you use the \*(OQview\*(CQ alias of \fIelvis\fR. -\*(OQView\*(CQ is like \fIvi\fR except that the readonly option is on. - -.ti -0.25i -.B report -.br -Commands in \fIelvis\fR may affect many lines. For commands that affect -a lot of lines, \fIelvis\fR will output a message saying what was done and -how many lines were affected. This option allows you to define -what \*(OQa lot of lines\*(CQ means. The default is 5, so any command which -affects 5 or more lines will cause a message to be shown. - -.ti -0.25i -.B scroll -.br -The CTRL-U and CTRL-D keys normally scroll backward or forward -by half a screenful, but this is adjustable. The value of this option -says how many lines those keys should scroll by. - -.ti -0.25i -.B sections -.br -The [[ and ]] commands move the cursor backward or forward in -increment of 1 section. Sections may be delimited by a { character -in column 1 (which is useful for C source code) or by means of -a text formatter's \*(OQdot\*(CQ commands. - -This option allows you to configure \fIelvis\fR to work with your text -formatter's \*(OQsection\*(CQ command, in exactly the same way that the -paragraphs option makes it work with the formatter's \*(OQparagraphs" -command. - -.ti -0.25i -.B shell -.br -When \fIelvis\fR forks a shell (perhaps for the :! or :shell commands) -this is the program that is uses as a shell. This is \fI/bin/sh\fR -by default, unless you have set the SHELL environment variable, -it which case the default value is copied from the environment. - -.ti -0.25i -.B shiftwidth -.br -The < and > commands shift text left or right by some uniform number -of columns. The shiftwidth option defines that uniform number. -The default is 8. - -.ti -0.25i -.B sidescroll -.br -For long lines, \fIelvis\fR scrolls sideways. (This is different from -the real \fIvi\fR, which wraps a single long line onto several rows of -the screen.) -To minimize the number of scrolls needed, \fIelvis\fR moves the screen -sideways by several characters at a time. The value of this option -says how many characters' widths to scroll at a time. -Generally, the faster your screen can be redrawn, the lower the value -you will want in this option. - -.ti -0.25i -.B sync -.br -If the system crashes during an edit session, then most of your work -can be recovered from the temporary file that \fIelvis\fR uses to store -changes. However, sometimes -.MX -will not copy changes to the -hard disk immediately, so recovery might not be possible. The [no]sync -option lets you control this. -In nosync mode (which is the default), \fIelvis\fR lets the operating system -control when data is written to the disk. This is generally faster. -In sync mode, \fIelvis\fR forces all changes out to disk every time you make -a change. This is generally safer, but slower. - -.ti -0.25i -.B tabstop -.br -Tab characters are normally 8 characters wide, but you can change -their widths by means of this option. - -.ti -0.25i -.B term -.br -This \*(OQread only\*(CQ option shows the name of the termcap entry that -\fIelvis\fR is using for your terminal. - -.ti -0.25i -.B vbell -.br -If your termcap entry describes a visible alternative to ringing -your terminal's bell, then this option will say whether the visible -version gets used or not. Normally it will be. - -If your termcap does NOT include a visible bell capability, then -the vbell option will be off, and you cannot turn it on. - -.ti -0.25i -.B warn -.br -\fIElvis\fR will normally warn you if you run a shell command without saving -your changed version of a file. -The \*(OQnowarn" option prevents this warning. - -.ti -0.25i -.B wrapmargin -.br -Normally (with wrapmargin=0) \fIelvis\fR will let you type in extremely long -lines, if you wish. -However, with wrapmargin set to something other that 0 (wrapmargin=65 -is nice), \fIelvis\fR will automatically cause long lines to be \*(OQwrapped" -on a word break for lines longer than wrapmargin's setting. - -.ti -0.25i -.B wrapscan -.br -Normally, when you search for something, \fIelvis\fR will find it no matter -where it is in the file. \fIelvis\fR starts at the cursor position, and -searches forward. If \fIelvis\fR hits EOF without finding what you're -looking for, then it wraps around to continue searching from line 1. - -If you turn off the wrapscan option (:se nows), then when \fIelvis\fR hits -EOF during a search, it will stop and say so. -.in -0.25i -.SS "Cflags" -.PP -\fIElvis\fR uses many preprocessor symbols to control compilation. -Most of these flags allow you to disable small sets of features. -\s-2MINIX\s0-ST users will probably want all features enabled, but -\s-2MINIX\s0-PC users will have to disable one or two feature sets -because otherwise \fIelvis\fR would be too large to compile and run. - -These symbols can be defined via flags passed to the compiler. -The best way to do this is to edit the Makefile, and append the flag -to the \*(OQCFLAGS=\*(CQ line. -After you do that, you must recompile elvis completely by saying -.HS -.Cx "make clean" -.br -.Cx "make" -.HS -.in +0.25i -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDM_SYSV -.br -This flag causes \fIelvis\fR to use System-V ioctl() calls for controlling -your terminal; normally it uses v7/BSD/\s-2MINIX\s0 ioctl() calls. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDDATE -.br -The symbol DATE should be defined to look like a string constant, -giving the date when \fIelvis\fR was compiled. -This date is reported by the \*(OQ:version\*(CQ command. - -You can also leave DATE undefined, in which case \*(OQ:version\*(CQ will not -report the compilation date. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDCRUNCH -.br -This flag causes several large often-used macros to be replaced by -equivalent functions. -This saves about 4K of space in the \*(OQ.text\*(CQ segment, and it does not -cost you any features. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDDEBUG -.br -This adds many internal consistency checks and the \*(OQ:debug\*(CQ -and \*(OQ:validate\*(CQ -commands. It increases the size of \*(OQtext\*(CQ by about 5K bytes. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_CHARATTR -.br -This permanenently disables the \*(OQcharattr\*(CQ option. -It reduces the size of \*(OQ.text\*(CQ by about 850 bytes. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_RECYCLE -.br -Normally, \fIelvis\fR will recycle space in the temporary file which contains -totally obsolete text. -The \fB\(enDNO_RECYCLE\fR option disables this, making your \*(OQ.text\*(CQ segment -smaller by about 1K but also permitting the temporary file to grow very -quickly. -If you have less than two megabytes of free space on your disk, -then do not even consider using this flag. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_SENTENCE -.br -This leaves out the \*(OQ(\*(CQ and \*(OQ)\*(CQ visual commands, and -removes the code that allows the \*(OQ[[\*(CQ, \*(OQ]]\*(CQ, \*(OQ{\*(CQ, -and \*(OQ}\*(CQ commands to recognize \fRnroff\fR macros. -The \*(OQ[[\*(CQ and \*(OQ]]\*(CQ commands will still move to the start of -the previous/next C function source code, though, and \*(OQ{\*(CQ -and \*(OQ}\*(CQ will move to the previous/next blank line. -This saves about 650 bytes from the \*(OQ.text\*(CQ segment. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_CHARSEARCH -.br -This leaves out the visual commands which locate a given character in the -current line: \*(OQf\*(CQ, \*(OQt\*(CQ, \*(OQF\*(CQ, \*(OQT\*(CQ, \*(OQ;\*(CQ, and \*(OQ,\*(CQ. -This saves about 900 bytes. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_EXTENSIONS -.br -This leaves out the \*(OQ:mkexrc\*(CQ command, and the \*(OQK\*(CQ and \*(OQ#\*(CQ visual commands. -Other extensions are either inherent in the design of \fIelvis\fR, -or are too tiny to be worth removing. -This saves about 500 bytes. - -.ti -0.25i -.B \(enDNO_MAGIC -.br -This permanently disables the \*(OQmagic\*(CQ option, so that most -meta-characters in a regular expression are not recognized. -This saves about 3K bytes from the \*(OQ.text\*(CQ segment. -.HS -.in -0.25i -.SS "Termcap" -\fIElvis\fR can use standard termcap entries, -but it also recognizes and uses several extra capabilities, if you give them. -All of these are optional. -.nf -.in +0.25i -.ta 1.5i -.HS -\fBCapability Description\fR -:PU=: sequence received from the key -:PD=: sequence received from the key -:HM=: sequence received from the key -:EN=: sequence received from the key -:VB=: sequence sent to start bold printing -:Vb=: sequence sent to end bold printing -.in -0.25i -.SS "Author" -.PP -\fIElvis\fR was written by Steve Kirkendall. -He can be reached by email at: kirkenda@cs.pdx.edu -for comments regarding \fIelvis\fR. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/kermit.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/kermit.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,130 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH KERMIT 9 -.CD "kermit \(en transfer a file using the kermit protocol" -.SX "kermit" -.FL "\fR(many)" -.EY "kermit" "Start kermit" -.PP -This is a slightly lobotomized \fIkermit\fR. -The help command, the script facility, and the automatic dial support -have been removed. -The ? and ESC commands still work, so there is still reasonable built-in help. -The only V7 \fIkermit\fR feature that does not work is the ability to see -whether there are input characters waiting. This means that you will not -be able to ask for status during a file transfer (though -this is not critical, because \fIkermit\fR prints a dot every so often and -other special characters whenever there is an error or timeout). -.PP -Start \fIkermit\fR, and then type the following to open a 2400 baud session, -for example: -.HS -.nf -.Cx "set line /dev/tty1" -.Cx "set speed 2400" -.Cx "connect" -.HS -.fi -(It is more convenient if you put these commands in \fI.kermrc\fR in your -home directory, so that they get done automatically whenever you -run \fIkermit\fR.) This will connect you to the modem or whatever on -the serial port. Now log into the other system. -.PP -When you want to transfer files, run \fIkermit\fR on the other system. -To it, type -.HS -.Cx "server" -.HS -This puts its \fIkermit\fR into a sort of \*(OQslave mode\*(CQ where it expects -commands from the \fIkermit\fR running on your \s-2MINIX\s0 system. Now come back -to the command level on \s-2MINIX\s0 \fIkermit\fR, by typing the escape character -followed by \fIc\fR. (\fIKermit\fR will tell you -the current escape character when -you do the connect command.) At this point you can issue various -commands. -Your \fIkermit\fR will coordinate things with \fIkermit\fR on the other -machine so that you only have to type commands at one end. Common -commands are -.HS -.Cx "get \fI\s+2filename\fP\s0" -.br -.Cx "put \fI\s+2filename\fP\s0" -.br -.Cx "remote \fI\s+2dir\fP\s0" -.HS -\fRFilenames can include wildcards. By default, \fIkermit\fR works in a -system-independent, text mode. (In effect it assumes that the -whole world is \s-2MS-DOS\s0 and converts end of line and file names -accordingly.) To send binary files, you will want to type -.HS -.Cx "set file type bin" -.HS -on both ends before starting any transfers. This disables -CR LF to newline conversion. If both of your systems are some -flavor of \s-2UNIX\s0, you might as well put this in \fI.kermrc\fR on both -ends and run in binary mode all the time. Also, if both systems -are \s-2UNIX\s0 it is recommended that you use -.HS -.Cx "set file name lit" -.HS -on both ends. This causes it to keep file names unchanged, -rather than mapping to legal \s-2MS-DOS\s0 names. -.PP -Here is a typical \fI.kermrc\fR for use on -.MX : -.HS -.nf -.Cx "set line /dev/tty1" -.Cx "set speed 1200" -.Cx "set esc 29" -.Cx "set file type bin" -.Cx "set file name lit" -.Cx "set retry 90" -.Cx "set prompt MINIX kermit>" -.Cx "connect" -.fi -.PP -On the other end of the line, for example, the host at your local computer -center to which you want to transfer files, a typical profile might be: -.HS -.nf -.Cx "set rec packet 1000" -.Cx "set fil name lit" -.Cx "set fil type bin" -.Cx "server" -.fi -.HS -.PP -\fIKermit\fR has many other options and features. For a pleasant and -highly readable description of it, see the following book: -.HS -.in +0.25i -.nf -Title: Kermit: A File Transfer Protocol -Author: Frank da Cruz -Publisher: Digital Press -Date: 1987 -ISBN: 0-932376-88 -.fi -.in -0.25i -.HS -.PP -For information about recent \fIkermit\fR developments, versions for other -systems, and so forth, please contact: -.nf -.HS -.in +0.25i -Christine M. Gianone -Manager, Kermit Development and Distribution -University Center for Computing Activities -Columbia University -612 West 115th Street -New York, N.Y. 10025 -.in -0.25i -.HS -.fi -Over 400 versions of \fIkermit\fR are available, so it is likely there is one -for any computer your -.MX -system might want to talk to. -Columbia University also publishes a newsletter about \fIkermit\fR that can be -requested from the above address. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/m4.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/m4.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,185 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH M4 9 -.CD "m4 \(en macro processor" -.SX "m4\fR [\fB\(enD \fIname\fR = \fIvalue\fR]\fR [\fB\(enU \fIname\fR] -.FL "\(enD" "Define a symbol" -.FL "\(enU" "Undefine a symbol" -.EY "m4 > << < > <= >= == != & ^ | && || -.in -0.5i -.HS -or the unary operators - ! or tilde or by the ternary operator ? : . -Parentheses may be used for grouping. Octal numbers may be specified as in C. -.PP -\fBlen "(string)"\fR returns the number of characters in its argument. -.PP -\fBindex "(search-string, string)"\fR returns the position in its first -argument where the second argument begins (zero origin), or 1 if the second -argument does not occur. -.PP -\fBsubstr "(string, index [, length])"\fR returns a substring of its first -argument. The second argument is a zero origin number selecting the first -character (internally treated as an expression); the third argument indicates -the length of the substring. A missing third argument is taken to be large -enough to extend to the end of the first string. -.PP -\fBtranslit "(source, from [, to])"\fR transliterates the characters in its -first argument from the set given by the second argument to the set given by -the third. If the third argument is shorter than the second, all extra -characters in the second argument are deleted from the first argument. If the -third argument is missing altogether, all characters in the second argument -are deleted from the first argument. -.PP -\fBinclude "(filename)"\fR returns the contents of the file that is -named in the argument. -.PP -\fBsinclude "(filename)"\fRis identical to include, except that it says nothing -if the file is inaccessable. -.PP -\fBpaste "(filename)"\fR returns the contents of the file named in the argument -without any processing, unlike include. -.PP -\fBspaste "(filename)"\fR is identical to paste, except that it says nothing if -the file is inaccessibl[De. -.PP -\fBsyscmd "(command)"\fR executes the -.Ux -command given in the first argument. -No value is returned. -.PP -\fBsysval "()"\fR is the return code from the last call to syscmd. - .PP -\fBmaketemp \*(OQ(string)"\fR fills in a string of XXXXXX in its argument with the -current process ID. -.PP -\fBm4exit "([exitcode])"\fR causes immediate exit from M4. Argument 1, if -given, is the exit code; the default is 0. -.PP -\fBm4wrap "(m4-macro-or-built-n)"\fR argument 1 will be pushed back at final -EOF; example: m4wrap(`dumptable()'). -.PP -\fBerrprint "(str [, str, str, ...])"\fR prints its argument(s) on stderr. If -there is more than one argument, each argument is separated by a space during -the output. An arbitrary number of arguments may be supplied. -.PP -\fBdumpdef "([name, name, ...])"\fR prints current names and definitions, for -the named items, or for all if no arguments are given. -.SP 1 -.SS "Author" -.SP 1 -.PP -\fIM4\fR was written by Ozan S. Yigif. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/macros.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/macros.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,1465 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH MACROS 9 -.\" Macro package for producing books (based on -ms) -.nr PS 12 -.nr PZ 12 -.\" RT - reset everything to normal state -.de RT -.if !\\n(1T .BG -.ce 0 -.if !\\n(IK .if !\\n(IF .if !\\n(IX .if !\\n(BE .di -.ul 0 -.if \\n(QP \{\ -. ll +\\n(QIu -. in -\\n(QIu -. nr QP -1\} -.if \\n(NX<=1 .if \\n(AJ=0 .ll \\n(LLu -.if \\n(IF=0 \{\ -. ps \\n(PS -. if \\n(VS>=41 .vs \\n(VSu -. if \\n(VS<=40 .vs \\n(VSp\} -.if \\n(IP .in -\\n(I\\n(IRu -.if \\n(IP=0 .nr I0 \\n(PIu -.if \\n(IP .nr IP -1 -.ft 1 -.bd 1 -.ta 5n 10n 15n 20n 25n 30n 35n 40n 45n 50n 55n 60n 65n 70n 75n 80n -.fi -.. -. \"IZ - initialization -.de IZ -.nr TN 0 -.em EM -.if n .ds [. [ -.if t .ds [. \s-2\v'-.4m'\f1 -.if n .ds .] ] -.if t .ds .] \v'.4m'\s+2\fP -.if n .ds [o "" -.if n .ds [c "" -.if t .ds [o `` -.if t .ds [c '' -.ch FO \\n(YYu -.if \\n(FM=0 .nr FM 1i -.nr YY -\\n(FMu -.nr XX 0 1 -.nr IP 0 -.nr PI 5n -.nr QI 5n -.nr I0 \\n(PIu -.nr PZ 12 -.nr VZ 13.8p -.nr PS \n(PZ -.nr VS \\n(VZu -.if !\\n(PD .if n .nr PD 1v -.if !\\n(PD .if t .nr PD 0.3v -.nr ML 3v -.ps \\n(PS -.if \\n(VS>=41 .vs \\n(VSu -.if \\n(VS<=40 .vs \\n(VSp -.nr IR 0 -.nr TB 0 -.nr SJ \\n(.j -.nr LL 6i -.ll \\n(LLu -.nr LT \\n(.l -.lt \\n(LTu -.ev 1 -.nr FL \\n(LLu*11u/12u -.ll \\n(FLu -.ps 10 -.vs 12p -.ev -.if \\*(CH .ds CH "\(hy \\\\n(PN \(hy -.wh 0 NP -.wh -\\n(FMu FO -.ch FO 16i -.wh -\\n(FMu FX -.ch FO -\\n(FMu -.if t .wh -\\n(FMu/2u BT -.if n .wh -\\n(FMu/2u-1v BT -.. -. \"KS keep - for keep release features. As in IFM -.de KS -.nr KN \\n(.u -.if \\n(IK=0 .if \\n(IF=0 .KQ -.nr IK +1 -.. -. \"KQ - real keep processor -.de KQ -.br -.nr KI \\n(.i -.ev 2 -.br -.in \\n(KIu -.ps \\n(PS -.if \\n(VS>40 .vs \\n(VSu -.if \\n(VS<=39 .vs \\n(VSp -.ll \\n(LLu -.lt \\n(LTu -.if \\n(NX>1 .ll \\n(CWu -.if \\n(NX>1 .lt \\n(CWu -.di KK -.nr TB 0 -.nr KV 0 -.. -. \"KF - floating keep -.de KF -.nr KN \\n(.u -.if !\\n(IK .FQ -.nr IK +1 -.. -. \"FQ real floating keep processor -.de FQ -.nr KI \\n(.i -.ev 2 -.br -.in \\n(KIu -.ps \\n(PS -.if \\n(VS>40 .vs \\n(VSu -.if \\n(VS<=39 .vs \\n(VSp -.ll \\n(LLu -.lt \\n(LTu -.if \\n(NX>1 .ll \\n(CWu -.if \\n(NX>1 .lt \\n(CWu -.di KK -.nr TB 1 -.nr KV 0 -.. -. \"KP - keep full page -.de KP -.nr KV 1 -.. -. \"KE release - everything between keep and release is together -.de KE -.if \\n(IK .if !\\n(IK-1 .if \\n(IF=0 .RQ -.if \\n(IK .nr IK -1 -.. -. \"RQ real release -.de RQ -.br -.di -.nr NF 0 -.if \\n(dn-\\n(.t .nr NF 1 -.if \\n(TC .nr NF 1 -.if \\n(KV .nr NF 1 \" if KV on full page needed, doesn't fit -.if \\n(NF .if !\\n(TB .sp 11i -.if !\\n(NF .if \\n(TB .nr TB 0 -.nf -.rs -.nr TC 5 -.in 0 -.ls 1 -.if \\n(TB=0 .ev -.if \\n(TB=0 .br -.if \\n(TB=0 .ev 2 -.if \\n(TB=0 .KK -.ls -.ce 0 -.if \\n(TB=0 .rm KK -.if \\n(TB .da KJ -.if \\n(TB \!.KD \\n(dn \\n(KV -.if \\n(TB .KK -.if \\n(TB .di -.nr TC \\n(TB -.if \\n(KN .fi -.in -.ev -.. -.de EQ \"equation, breakout and display -.nr EF \\n(.u -.rm EE -.nr LE 1 \" 1 is center -.ds EL \\$1 -.if "\\$1"L" .ds EL \\$2 -.if "\\$1"L" .nr LE 0 -.if "\\$1"C" .ds EL \\$2 -.if "\\$1"I" .nr LE 0 -.if "\\$1"I" .ds EE \\h'|10n' -.if "\\$1"I" .if !"\\$3"" .ds EE \\h'\\$3' -.if "\\$1"I" .ds EL \\$2 -.if \\n(YE>0 .nf -.di EZ -.. -.de EN \" end of a displayed equation -.br -.di -.rm EZ -.nr ZN \\n(dn -.if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(YE=0 .LP -.if \\n(ZN=0 .if !"\\*(EL"" .nr ZN 1 -.if "\\n(.z"" .if \\n(ZN>0 .if !\\n(nl=\\n(PE .if t .sp .5 -.if "\\n(.z"" .if \\n(ZN>0 .if !\\n(nl=\\n(PE .if n .sp 1 -.if !"\\n(.z"" .if \\n(ZN>0 .if !\\n(.d=\\n(PE .if t .sp .5 -.if !"\\n(.z"" .if \\n(ZN>0 .if !\\n(.d=\\n(PE .if n .sp 1 -'pc -.if \\n(BD>0 .nr LE 0 \" can't mean centering in this case. -.if \\n(MK>0 .if \\n(LE=1 .ds EE \\h'|10n' -.if \\n(MK>0 .nr LE 0 \" don't center if mark/lineup -'lt \\n(.lu -.if \\n(EP=0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE>0 .tl \(ts\(ts\\*(10\(ts\\*(EL\(ts -.if \\n(EP=0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD=0 .tl \(ts\\*(EE\\*(10\(ts\(ts\\*(EL\(ts -.if \\n(EP=0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD>0 .if \\n(BD<\\w\(ts\\*(10\(ts .nr BD \\w\(ts\\*(10\(ts -.if \\n(EP=0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD>0 \!\\*(10\\t\\*(EL -.if \\n(EP>0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE>0 .tl \(ts\\*(EL\(ts\\*(10\(ts\(ts -.if \\n(EP>0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD=0 .tl \(ts\\*(EL\\*(EE\\*(10\(ts\(ts\(ts -.if \\n(EP>0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD>0 .if \\n(BD<\\w\(ts\\*(10\(ts .nr BD \\w\(ts\\*(10\(ts -.if \\n(EP>0 .if \\n(ZN>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .if \\n(BD>0 \!\\h'-\\\\n(.iu'\\*(EL\\h'|0'\\*(10 -.\".di EZ \" GCOS patch -.\"\\*(10 \" GCOS patch -.\".br \" GCOS patch -.\".di \" GCOS patch -.\".rm EZ \" GCOS patch -'lt \\n(LLu -'pc % -.if \\n(YE>0 .if \\n(EF>0 .fi -.rm EL 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 -.rr 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 -.if \\n(ZN>0 .if t .sp .5 -.if \\n(ZN>0 .if n .sp -.if "\\n(.z"" .nr PE \\n(nl -.if !"\\n(.z"" .nr PE \\n(.d -.nr z 72-((\\n(nl-\\n(HM)%72) -.if \\n(nl<\\n(HM .nr z 0 -.if \\nz>0 .if \\nz<60 .sp \\nzu \"force post equation text to whole line -.if \\nz>59 .if \\nz<72 .sp \\nzu-72u \"move backwards a fraction of a pica -.. -.de ME -.nr SJ \\n(.j -.if \\n(LL>0 .nr LT \\n(LL -.nr YE 1 -.if \\n(PO=0 .nr PO \\n(.o -.if \\n(mo-0 .ds MO January -.if \\n(mo-1 .ds MO February -.if \\n(mo-2 .ds MO March -.if \\n(mo-3 .ds MO April -.if \\n(mo-4 .ds MO May -.if \\n(mo-5 .ds MO June -.if \\n(mo-6 .ds MO July -.if \\n(mo-7 .ds MO August -.if \\n(mo-8 .ds MO September -.if \\n(mo-9 .ds MO October -.if \\n(mo-10 .ds MO November -.if \\n(mo-11 .ds MO December -.if \\n(dw-0 .ds DW Sunday -.if \\n(dw-1 .ds DW Monday -.if \\n(dw-2 .ds DW Tuesday -.if \\n(dw-3 .ds DW Wednesday -.if \\n(dw-4 .ds DW Thursday -.if \\n(dw-5 .ds DW Friday -.if \\n(dw-6 .ds DW Saturday -.if "\\*(DY"" .ds DY \\*(MO \\n(dy, 19\\n(yr -.if "\\*(CF"" .if n .ds CF "\\*(DY -.. -. \"EM end up macro - process left over keep-release -.de EM -.br -.if \\n(TB=0 .if t .wh -1p CM -.if \\n(TB \&\c -.if \\n(TB 'bp -.if \\n(TB .NP -.if \\n(TB .ch CM 160 -.. -. \"NP new page -.de NP -.if \\n(FM+\\n(HM>=\\n(.p .tm Margins bigger than page length. -.if \\n(FM+\\n(HM>=\\n(.p .ab -.if \\n(FM+\\n(HM>=\\n(.p .ex -.nr PX \\n(.s -.nr PF \\n(.f -.nr PV \\n(.v -.if t .CM -.if \\n(HM=0 .nr HM 1i -'sp \\n(HMu/2u -.lt \\n(LTu -.ps \\n(PS -.vs \\n(PS+2 -.ft 1 -.if \\n(PO>0 .po \\n(POu -.PT -.ps \\n(PX -.vs \\n(PVu -.ft \\n(PF -'sp |\\n(HMu -.nr XX 0 1 -.nr YY 0-\\n(FMu -.ch FO 16i -.ch FX 17i -.ch FO \\n(.pu-\\n(FMu -.ch FX \\n(.pu-\\n(FMu -.if \\n(MF .FV -.nr MF 0 -.mk -.os -.ev 1 -.if \\n(TD=0 .if \\n(TC<5 .XK -.nr TC 0 -.ns -.ev -.nr TQ \\n(.i -.nr TK \\n(.u -.if \\n(IT>0 \{\ -. in 0 -. nf -. TT -. in \\n(TQu -. if \\n(TK .fi\ -\} -.mk #T -.if t .if \\n(.o+\\n(LL>7.75i .tm Offset (\\n(.o) + line length (\\n(LL) exceeds 7.75 inches, too wide -.. -.de XK -.nr TD 1 -.nf -.ls 1 -.in 0 -.rn KJ KL -.KL -.rm KL -.if "\\n(.z"KJ" .di -.nr TB 0 -.if "\\n(.z"KJ" .nr TB 1 -.br -.in -.ls -.fi -.if (\\n(nl+1v)>(\\n(.p-\\n(FM) .if \\n(NX>1 .RC -.if (\\n(nl+1v)>(\\n(.p-\\n(FM) .if \\n(NX<1 .bp -.nr TD 0 -.. -.de KD -.nr KM 0 -.if "\\n(.z"" .if \\$2>0 .if \\n(nl>\\n(HM .if (\\n(nl+1v)<(\\n(.p-\\n(FM) .di KJ -.if "\\n(.z"" .if \\n(nl>\\n(HM .if \\$2>0 .sp 15i \" full page figure must have new page -.if "\\n(.z"" .if \\n(nl>\\n(HM .if \\$2=0 .if (\\n(nl+1v)>(\\n(.p-\\n(FM) .sp 15i -.if "\\n(.z"KJ" .nr KM 1 \" KM is 1 if in a rediversion of keeps -.if \\n(KM>0 \!.KD \\$1 \\$2 -.nr KR \\n(.t -.if \\n(nl<=\\n(HM .nr KR 32767 -.if \\n(KM=0 .if \\n(KR<\\$1 .di KJ -.if \\n(KM=0 .if \\n(KR<\\$1 .nr KM 1 -.if \\n(KM=0 .if \\$2>0 .if (\\n(nl+1v)>(\\n(.p-\\n(FM) .sp 15i -.rs -.if \\n(KM=0 .if \\$2>0 .sp \\n(.tu-\\$1u -.. -.de PT -.lt \\n(LLu -.pc % -.nr PN \\n% -....if \\n%-1 .tl '\\*(LH'\\*(CH'\\*(RH' -.lt \\n(.lu -.. -. \"FO - footer of page -.de FO -.rn FO FZ -.if \\n(K1>0 .tm This memo has a multi-page cover sheet. You are -.if \\n(K1>0 .tm rebuked in the name of the Committee on Technical Memoranda. -.if \\n(IT>0 .nr T. 1 -.if \\n(IT>0 .if \\n(FC=0 .T# 1 -.if \\n(IT>0 .br -.nr FC +1 -.if \\n(NX<2 .nr WF 0 -.nr dn 0 -.if \\n(FC<=1 .if \\n(XX .XF -.rn FZ FO -.nr MF 0 -.if \\n(dn .nr MF 1 -.if !\\n(WF .nr YY 0-\\n(FMu -.if !\\n(WF .ch FO \\n(YYu -.if !\\n(dn .nr WF 0 -.if \\n(FC<=1 .if \\n(XX=0 .if \\n(NX>1 .RC -.nr x 7176u-\\n(.d -.if \nL=1 .if \\n(FC<=1 .if \\n(XX=0 .if \\n(NX<1 'tm Chap=\\na page=\\n% short=\\nx -.if \\n(FC<=1 .if \\n(XX=0 .if \\n(NX<1 'bp -.nr FC -1 -.if \\n(ML>0 .ne \\n(MLu -.. -. \"2C - begin double column -.de 2C -.MC \" default MC is double column -.. -.de MC \" multiple columns- arg is line length -.nr L1 \\n(LL*7/15 -.if \\n(.$>0 .nr L1 \\$1n -.nr GW 0-1 -.if \\n(.$>1 .nr GW \\$1n -.nr NQ \\n(LL/\\n(L1 -.if \\n(NQ<1 .nr NQ 1 -.if \\n(NQ>2 .if (\\n(LL%\\n(L1)=0 .nr NQ -1 -.if \\n(1T=0 \{\ -. BG -. if n .sp 4 -. if t .sp 2\} -.if \\n(NX=0 .nr NX 1 -.if !\\n(NX=\\n(NQ \{\ -. RT -. if \\n(NX>1 .bp -. mk -. nr NC 1 -. po \\n(POu\} -.if \\n(NQ>1 .hy 14 -.nr NX \\n(NQ -.nr CW \\n(L1 -.ll \\n(CWu -.nr FL \\n(CWu*11u/12u -.if \\n(NX>1 .nr GW (\\n(LL-(\\n(NX*\\n(CW))/(\\n(NX-1) -.nr RO \\n(CW+\\n(GW -.ns -.. -.de RC -.ie \\n(NC>=\\n(NX .C2 -.el .C1 -.. -.de C1 -.rt -.po +\\n(ROu -.nr NC +1 -.if \\n(NC>\\n(NX .nr NC 1 -.nr XX 0 1 -.if \\n(MF .FV -.ch FX \\n(.pu-\\n(FMu -.ev 1 -.if \\n(TB .XK -.nr TC 0 -.ev -.nr TQ \\n(.i -.if \\n(IT>0 .in 0 -.if \\n(IT>0 .TT -.if \\n(IT>0 .in \\n(TQu -.mk #T -.ns -.. -.de C2 -.po \\n(POu -.nr NC +1 -.if \\n(NC>\\n(NX .nr NC 1 -'bp -.. -. \"1C - return to single column format -.de 1C -.MC \\n(LLu -.hy 14 -.. -. \".de R3 -. \".pl 102 -. \".nr LT \\n(.l -. \".. -.de BT -.nr PX \\n(.s -.nr PF \\n(.f -.ft 1 -.ps \\n(PS -'lt \\n(LTu -.po \\n(POu -.if \\n%>0 .tl '\\*(LF'\\*(CF'\\*(RF' -.ft \\n(PF -.ps \\n(PX -.. -. \"PP - paragraph -.de PP -.RT -.if \\n(1T .sp \\n(PDu -.ti +\\n(PIu -.. -. \"SH - (unnumbered) section heading -.de SH -.ti \\n(.iu -.RT -.if \\n(1T .sp 1 -.if !\\n(1T .BG -.RT -.ne 4 -.ft 3 -.. -. \"NH - numbered heading -.de NH -.RT -.if \\n(1T .sp 1 -.if !\\n(1T .BG -.RT -.ne 4 -.ft 3 -.nr NS \\$1 -.if !\\n(.$ .nr NS 1 -.if !\\n(NS .nr NS 1 -.nr H\\n(NS +1 -.if !\\n(NS-4 .nr H5 0 -.if !\\n(NS-3 .nr H4 0 -.if !\\n(NS-2 .nr H3 0 -.if !\\n(NS-1 .nr H2 0 -.if !\\$1 .if \\n(.$ .nr H1 1 -.ds SN \\n(H1. -.if \\na=0 .ds SN \\*(CN. -.ti \\n(.iu -.if \\n(NS-1 .as SN \\n(H2. -.if \\n(NS-2 .as SN \\n(H3. -.if \\n(NS-3 .as SN \\n(H4. -.if \\n(NS-4 .as SN \\n(H5. -\\*(SN -.. -. \"BG - begin, execute at first PP -.de BG -.br -.ME -.rm ME -.di -.ce 0 -.nr KI 0 -.hy 14 -.nr 1T 1 -.S\\n(ST -.rm S0 -.rm S1 -.rm S2 -.rm S3 -.rm OD -.rm OK -.rm TX -.rm AX -.rm WT -.rm CS -.rm TM -.rm IM -.rm MF -.rm MR -.rm RP -.rm I1 -.rm I2 -.rm I3 -.rm I4 -.rm I5 -.rm CB -.rm E1 -.rm E2 -.de TL -.ft 3 -.sp -.if n .ul 100 -.ce 100 -.ps +2 -\\.. -.de AU -.ft 2 -.if n .ul 0 -.ce 100 -.sp -.NL -\\.. -.de AI -.ft 1 -.ce 100 -.if n .ul 0 -.if n .sp -.if t .sp .5 -.NL -\\.. -.RA -.rm RA -.rn FJ FS -.rn FK FE -.nf -.ev 1 -.ps \\n(PS-2 -.vs \\n(.s+2p -.ev -.if \\n(KG=0 .nr FP 0 -.if \\n(GA>1 .if \\n(KG=0 .nr GA 0 \" next UNIX must be flagged. -.nr KG 0 -.if \\n(FP>0 .FS -.if \\n(FP>0 .FG -.if \\n(FP>0 .FE -.br -.if \\n(TV>0 .if n .sp 2 -.if \\n(TV>0 .if t .sp 1 -.fi -.ll \\n(LLu -.. -.de RA \"redefine abstract macros -.de AB -.br -.if !\\n(1T .BG -.ce 1 -.sp 1 -.if \\n(.$=0 ABSTRACT -.if \\n(.$>0 .if !"\\$1"-" .if !"\\$1"no" \\$1 -.if \\n(.$=0 .sp -.if \\n(.$>0 .if !"\\$1"-" .if !"\\$1"no" .sp -.sp 1 -.nr AJ 1 -.in +\\n(.lu/12u -.ll -\\n(.lu/12u -.RT -\\.. -.de AE -.nr AJ 0 -.br -.in 0 -.ll \\n(LLu -.if \\n(VS>=41 .vs \\n(VSu -.if \\n(VS<=40 .vs \\n(VSp -\\.. -.. -. \"IP - indented paragraph -.de IP -.RT -.if !\\n(IP .nr IP +1 -.sp \\n(PDu -.if \\n(.$-1 .nr I\\n(IR \\$2n -.in +\\n(I\\n(IRu -.nr TY \\n(TZ-\\n(.i -.ta \\n(I\\n(IRu \\n(TYuR -.if \\n(.$>0 \{\ -.ti -\\n(I\\n(IRu -\&\\$1\t\c\} -.. -. \"LP - left aligned (block) paragraph -.de LP -.ti \\n(.iu -.RT -.if \\n(1T .sp \\n(PDu -.. -.de QP -.ti \\n(.iu -.RT -.if \\n(1T .sp \\n(PDu -.ne 1.1 -.nr QP 1 -.in +\\n(QIu -.ll -\\n(QIu -.ti \\n(.iu -.. -. \"IE - synonym for .LP -.de IE -.LP -.. -. \"LB - label paragraph -.de LB -.in +\\n(I\\n(IRu -.ta \\n(I\\n(IRu -.if \\n(.$ .ti -\\n(I\\n(IRu -.if \\n(.$ \&\\$1\t\c -.. -.de XP -.RT -.if !\\n(IP .nr IP +1 -.sp \\n(PDu -.ne 3 -.if \\n(.$=3 .nr I\\n(IR \\$3n -.if \\n(.$=4 .nr I\\n(IR \\$4n -.nr J\\n(IR \\n(IRu/2u -.if \\n(.$=4 .nr J\\n(IR \\$3n -.in +\\n(I\\n(IRu -.ta \\n(J\\n(IRu \\n(I\\n(IRu -.ti -\\n(I\\n(IRu -\0\\$1\t\\$2\t\c -.. -. \"RS - prepare for double indenting -.de RS -.nr IS \\n(IP -.RT -.nr IP \\n(IS -.if \\n(IP>0 .in +\\n(I\\n(IRu -.nr IR +1 -.nr I\\n(IR \\n(PIu -.in +\\n(I\\n(IRu -.nr TY \\n(TZ-\\n(.i -.ta \\n(TYuR -.. -. \"RE - retreat to the left -.de RE -.nr IS \\n(IP -.RT -.nr IP \\n(IS -.if \\n(IR>0 .nr IR -1 -.if \\n(IP<=0 .in -\\n(I\\n(IRu -.. -.de TC -.nr TZ \\n(.lu -.if \\n(.$ .nr TZ \\$1n -.ta \\n(TZuR -.. -.de TD -.LP -.nr TZ 0 -.. -. \"CM - cut mark -.de CM -.po 0 -.lt 7.6i -.ft 1 -.ps 10 -.vs 4p -.po -.vs -.lt -.ps -.ft -.. -. \"B - bold font -.de B -.nr PQ \\n(.f -.if t .ft 3 -.if "\\$1"" .if n .ul 1000 -.if !"\\$1"" .if n .ul 1 -.if t .if !"\\$1"" \&\\$1\\f\\n(PQ\\$2 -.if n .if \\n(.$=1 \&\\$1 -.if n .if \\n(.$>1 \&\\$1\\c -.if n .if \\n(.$>1 \\&\\$2 -.. -. \"R - Roman font -.de R -.if n .ul 0 -.ft 1 -.. -. \"I - italic font -.de I -.nr PQ \\n(.f -.if t .ft 2 -.if "\\$1"" .if n .ul 1000 -.if !"\\$1"" .if n .ul 1 -.if t .if !"\\$1"" \&\\$1\\f\\n(PQ\\$2 -.if n .if \\n(.$=1 \&\\$1 -.if n .if \\n(.$>1 \&\\$1\\c -.if n .if \\n(.$>1 \\&\\$2 -.. -. \"TA - tabs set in ens or chars -.de TA -.ta \\$1n \\$2n \\$3n \\$4n \\$5n \\$6n \\$7n \\$8n \\$9n -.. -. \"SM - make smaller size -.de SM -.if \\n(.$>0 \&\\$3\s-2\\$1\s0\\$2 -.if \\n(.$=0 .ps -2 -.. -. \"LG - make larger size -.de LG -.ps +2 -.. -. \"NL - return to normal size -.de NL -.ps \\n(PS -.. -. \"DA - force date; ND - no date or new date. -.de DA -.if \\n(.$ .ds DY \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 -.ds CF \\*(DY -.. -.de ND -.ME -.rm ME -.ds DY \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 -.rm CF -.. -.de FN -.FS -.. -. \"FS - begin footnote -.de FJ -'ce 0 -.di -.ev1 -.ll \\n(FLu -.da FF -.br -.if \\n(IF>0 .tm Footnote within footnote-illegal. -.nr IF 1 -.if !\\n+(XX-1 .FA -.. -. \"FE - footnote end -.de FK -.br -.in 0 -.nr IF 0 -.di -.ev -.if !\\n(XX-1 .nr dn +\\n(.v -.nr YY -\\n(dn -.if \\n(NX=0 .nr WF 1 -.if \\n(dl>\\n(CW .nr WF 1 -.if (\\n(nl+\\n(.v)<=(\\n(.p+\\n(YY) .ch FO \\n(YYu -.if (\\n(nl+\\n(.v)>(\\n(.p+\\n(YY) .if \\n(nl>(\\n(HM+1.5v) .ch FO \\n(nlu+\\n(.vu -.if (\\n(nl+\\n(.v)>(\\n(.p+\\n(YY) .if \\n(nl+\\n(FM+1v>\\n(.p .ch FX \\n(.pu-\\n(FMu+2v -.if (\\n(nl+\\n(.v)>(\\n(.p+\\n(YY) .if \\n(nl<=(\\n(HM+1.5v) .ch FO \\n(HMu+(4u*\\n(.vu) -.. -.\" First page footer. -.de FS -.ev1 -.br -.ll \\n(FLu -.da FG -.. -.de FE -.br -.di -.nr FP \\n(dn -.if \\n(1T=0 .nr KG 1 \"not in abstract repeat next page. -.if "\\n(.z"OD" .nr KG 0 \" if in OK, don't repeat. -.ev -.. -.de FA -.if n __________________________ -.if t \l'1i' -.br -.. -.de FV -.FS -.nf -.ls 1 -.FY -.ls -.fi -.FE -.. -.de FX -.if \\n(XX>0 .di FY -.if \\n(XX>0 .ns -.. -.de XF -.if \\n(nlu+1v>(\\n(.pu-\\n(FMu) .ch FX \\n(nlu+1.9v -.ev1 -.nf -.ls 1 -.FF -.rm FF -.nr XX 0 1 -.br -.ls -.di -.fi -.ev -.. -.de FL -.ev1 -.nr FL \\$1n -.ll \\$1 -.ev -.. -.de UL \" underline argument, don't italicize -.if t \\$1\l'|0\(ul'\\$2 -.if n .I \\$1 \\$2 -.. -.de UX -UNIX -.. -.de US -the -.UX -operating system -.. -.de QS -.br -.LP -.in +\\n(QIu -.ll -\\n(QIu -.. -.de QE -.br -.ll +\\n(QIu -.in -\\n(QIu -.LP -.. -.de B1 \" begin boxed stuff -.br -.di BB -.nr BC 0 -.if "\\$1"C" .nr BC 1 -.nr BE 1 -.. -.de B2 \" end boxed stuff -.br -.nr BI 1n -.if \\n(.$>0 .nr BI \\$1n -.di -.nr BE 0 -.nr BW \\n(dl -.nr BH \\n(dn -.ne \\n(BHu+\\n(.Vu -.nr BQ \\n(.j -.nf -.ti 0 -.if \\n(BC>0 .in +(\\n(.lu-\\n(BWu)/2u -.in +\\n(BIu -.BB -.in -\\n(BIu -.nr BW +2*\\n(BI -.sp -1 -\l'\\n(BWu\(ul'\L'-\\n(BHu'\l'|0\(ul'\h'|0'\L'\\n(BHu' -.if \\n(BC>0 .in -(\\n(.lu-\\n(BWu)/2u -.if \\n(BQ .fi -.br -.. -.de AT -.nf -.sp -.ne 2 -Attached: -.. -.de CT -.nf -.sp -.ne 2 -.ie \\n(.$ Copy to \\$1: -.el Copy to: -.. -.de BX -.if t \(br\|\\$1\|\(br\l'|0\(rn'\l'|0\(ul' -.if n \(br\\kA\|\\$1\|\\kB\(br\v'-1v'\h'|\\nBu'\l'|\\nAu'\v'1v'\l'|\\nAu' -.. -.IZ -.rm IZ -.\" ------------------- VARIABLES ------------------------------ -.\" \na - Current chapter -.\" \nb - Current section -.\" \nc - Current subsection -.\" \nd - Set to 0 initially, 1 by PT, 2 by .PB Used to control running head -.\" \ne - Current equation number -.\" \ng - Used to count items in numbered lists -.\" \nh - Counts number of times CP has been invoked -.\" \nj - Set to 1 iff footer page number needed -.\" \nk - Last figure number used -.\" \nL - 1 if depth printed for each page -.\" \nl - 1 old Agfa length to be used -.\" \np - Numbers end-of-chapter problems -.\" \nq - 1 for double spaced text, smaller vert. margins -.\" \ns - initial page number -.\" \nt - Variable part of spacing inside .BI macro -.\" \nv - Scratch register in lower case roman numerals -.\" \nx - Scratch register -.\" ------------------- GENERAL PARAMETERS --------------------- -.nr BO 43 \" number of lines of text per page -.nr PO 1.3i -.po \n(PO -.if \nq=1 .ls 2 \" -rq1 invokes double spacing -.nr LL 5.67i -.if t \{ -.nr PL 29.73c -.nr PI 0.25i\} -.if n \{ -.nr LL 80m -.nr PL 11.0i -.nr PI 3m\} -.pl \n(PLu -.nr HM (\n(PLu-(\n(BOu*\n(VSu))/2u -.nr FM \n(PLu-(\n(HMu+((\n(BOu-1u)*\n(VSu)+1u) -.nr xx \n(HMu%\n(VZu -.nr HM \n(HMu-\n(xxu -.nr FM \n(FMu+\n(xxu -.nr t 0 0 -.\" ------------------- INITIALIZATION ------------------------- -.nr d 0 0 -.nr e 0 1 -.nr h 0 1 -.nr j 1 0 -.nr t 0 0 -.tr ~ -.ds CT "~ \"initially empty -.ND \"suppress date on bottom of page -.af v i \"register v is in lower case roman -.ch FO -\n(FMu -.ch BT -\n(FMu+0.5P -.\" ------------------- ALIGN TEXT TO A WHOLE NUMBER OF PICAS ---- -.de AL -'nr xx \\n(.du%\\n(VZu -'nr xy \\n(VZu-\\n(xx -'if \\n(xy=\\n(VZu .nr xy 0 -'sp \\n(xyu -.. -.\" ------------------- DIVISION OF TEXT INTO LOGICAL UNITS ---- -.\" Define chapter number -.de CP -.ds CN \\$1 -.ds CX CHAP. -.if '\\$1'A' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'B' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'C' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'D' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'E' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'F' .ds CX APPENDIX -.if '\\$1'A' .nr a 0 0 -.if '\\$1'B' .nr a 0 0 -.if '\\$1'C' .nr a 0 0 -.if '\\$1'D' .nr a 0 0 -.if '\\$1'E' .nr a 0 0 -.if '\\$1'F' .nr a 0 0 -.nr H1 \\$1 0 -.nr H2 0 1 -.nr a \\$1 0 -.nr b 0 1 -.nr c 0 1 -.nr d 1 1 -.nr e 0 1 -.nr k 0 1 -.nr s \\n% -.if \\nq=1 .PH 6 -.ll \\n(LLu -.nr LT \\n(LLu -.lt \\n(LLu -.ll \\n(LLu -.pl \n(PLu -.po \n(POu -.in 0 -.nr PS \\n(PZ -.nr VS \\n(VZu -.nr PD 0i -.ds ST -.ds CT \\$2 -.if !'\\$3'' .as CT " \\$3 -.if \\nh .bp -.rs -.sp 16P -.B -.ps 30 -.vs 32 -.ce 1 -\\$1 -.sp 4P -.ps 18 -.vs 20 -.ce 1 -\\$2 -.sp 0.25i -.if !'\\$3'' .ce 1 -.if !'\\$3'' \\$3 -.ps 10 -.vs 12 -.R -.nr x \\n(.pu/2u -.sp |\\nxu -.nr h +1 1 -.tr _\\(ru -.AL -.. -.de SP -.sp \\$1 \"used for temporary (page balancing ) fill -.. -.de HS -.sp 0.5 -.. -.\" Major section (numbered) -.de SE -.nr b +1 1 -.nr c 0 1 -.ds ST \\$1 -.sp 1 -.NH 2 -\\$1 -.sp 1 -.. -.\" Subsection (numbered) -.de SS -.nr c +1 1 -.NH 3 -\\$1 -.sp 1 -.. -.de UU -.SH -\\$1 -.sp 1 -.. -.\"-------------------- PAGE TRANSITION MACROS USED BY -MS ------ -.de PH \"select special running heads -.nr d \\$1 -.if \\$1=4 .nr j 1 -.ds CT \\$2 -.. -.de PT -.AL -.pc % -.PN \\n% -'sp |\\n(HMu-0.35i -.ps 10 -.\" -.\" nd = 0 means no running head this time, normal next time -.if \\nd=0 \{\ -.tl '''' \" no running head on initial page transition -.nr j 1 0\} -.\" -.\" nd = 1 is normal case: chapter heading even (left) and section odd(right) -.if \\nd=1\{\ -.if e .tl '\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\\*(CT'\\*(CX~ \\*(CN' \"normal case even page -.if o .if \\nb>0 .tl 'SEC.~ \\*(CN.\\nb'\\*(ST'\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR' -.if o .if \\nb=0 .tl '''\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\} -.if o .if \\nb=-999 .tl '\\*(CX~ \\*(CN'\\*(CT'\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\} -.\" -.\" nd = 2 is for PROBLEMS; even normal, odd CHAP. ... PROBLEMS % -.if \\nd=2\{\ -.if e .tl '\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\\*(CT'\\*(CX~ \\*(CN' \"even page PROBLEMS -.if o .if \\nd=2 .tl '\\*(CX~ \\*(CN'PROBLEMS'\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR' \} -.\" -.\" nd = 3 is for index, problem solutions & other cases with same odd even hd -.if \\nd=3\{\ -.if e .tl '\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\\*(CT'' -.if o .tl ''\\*(CT'\fB\s+2%\s-2\fR'\} -.\" -.\" nd = 4 is like nd = 3, except page numbers are lower case roman -.if \\nd=4\{\ -.nr v \\n% -.if e .tl '\fB\s+2\\nv\s-2\fR'\\*(CT'' -.if o .tl ''\\*(CT'\fB\s+2\\nv\s-2\fR'\} -.\" -.\" nd = 5 suppresses running heads like nd=0, only it keeps them suppressed -.if \\nd=5 .tl '''' -.\" nd = 6 gives page number in right-hand corner only -.if \\nd=6 .tl '''%' -.if \\nd=0 .nr d 1 0 \" henceforth normal running heads -.. -.de BT -.if \\n%=\\ns\{\ -.nr x \\n(HMu+(\\n(BO*\\n(VSu)+2P -'sp |\\nxu -.nr v \\n% -.ie \\nd=4 .tl ''\fB\s-1\\nv\s0\fP'' -.el .tl ''\fB\s-1\\n%\s0\fP''\} -.nr j 0 0 -.if \\nd=0 .nr d 1 0 -.. -.\"--------------- CHECK FOR INITIAL PAGE NUMBER --------------- -.de PC -.if \n%<\\$1\{ -.tm You forgot to set the page number. Run aborted. Use troff -n -.ex\} -.if \n%>\\$2\{ -.tm You forgot to set the page number. Run aborted. Use troff -n -.ex\} -.. -.\"-------------------- LISTS OF THINGS ------------------------ -.\" Start list -.de LI -.nr g 0 1 -.in +0.25i -.nr LL -0.25i -.ll -0.25i -.ne 3v -.HS -.. -.\" End list -.de LX -.sp 1 -.in -0.25i -.nr LL +0.25i -.ll +0.25i -.LP -.. -.\" List item -.de IT -.HS -.nr g \\ng+1 1 -.ie \\ng<10 .IP \0\\ng. 4 -.el .IP \\ng. 4 -.. -.\"Short unnumbered lines -.de UN -.HS -.. -.\"-------------------- END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES --------------- -.de PB -.nr d 2 0 -.if \\nq=1 .PH 6 -.ne 1.5i -.sp 0.5i -.ce 1 -.B PROBLEMS -.sp 1 -.nr p 0 1 -.. -.de PR -.ps 11 -.vs 13 -.nr PS 11 -.nr VS 13.01p -.HS -.nr p +1 1 -.in \w'00. 'u -.ti -\w'00. 'u -.if \\np>9 \fB\\np.\fR~~\c -.if \\np<10 \fB\0\\np.\fR~~\c -.. -.de AA -.sp 3 -.if n .nr LL 84m -.nr PS \\n(PZ -.nr VS \\n(VZu -.nr a \\$1 1 -.nr b 0 0 -.nr p 0 1 -.ce 1 -.nr x 1 -.if '\\$1'A' .nr x 0 -.if '\\$1'B' .nr x 0 -.if '\\$1'C' .nr x 0 -.if \\nq=1 .PH 6 -.if \\nx\fBSOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER \\$1 PROBLEMS\fR -.if !\\nx\fBSOLUTIONS TO APPENDIX \\$1 PROBLEMS\fR -.sp 1v -.. -.de AN -.HS -.ps \\n(PZ -.vs \\n(VSu -.nr PS \\n(PZ -.nr VS \\n(VZu -.nr p +1 1 -.in \w'00. 'u -.ti -\w'00. 'u -.if \\np>9 \fB\\np.\fR~~\c -.if \\np<10 \fB\0\\np.\fR~~\c -.. -.\"-------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY --------------------------- -.de BB -.sp 2 -.in 0.25i -.. -.de BI -.ps 10 -.vs 12 -.sp \\ntu -.HS -.if n .HS -.ti -0.30i -.R -.. -.\"-------------------- QUOTES --------------------------------- -.ds OQ `\h'-1p'` -.ds CQ '\h'-1p'' -.\"-------------------- FIGS.----------------------------------- -.de FC -'sp 1v -.ps 10 -.vs 12 -.in +0.5i -.ll -0.5i -.B -.if '\\$1'C' .ce 1 -Fig.\|\|\|\\*(CN-\\n+k.~\c -.R -.. -.de BF -.KF -'sp 1v -.nr TP \\n(.s -.nr TV \\n(.v -.nr TF \\n(.f -.nr r 0 0 -.if \\nq=0 .if "\\$1"PAGE" .KP -.if \\nq=0 .if "\\$1"PAGE" .nr r 1 0 -.if \\nq=0 .if !"\\$1"PAGE" .sp \\$1 -.if \\nq=1 .sp 0.5i -.FC \\$2 -.. -.de EF -.in -0.5i -.ll +0.5i -.ps \\n(TP -.vs \\n(TV -.ft \\n(TF -'if \\nr==0 'sp 30u -'AL -.KE -.. -.de NF -.nr x \\nk+1 -.ie !'\\$1'X' Fig.~\\*(CN-\\nx\\$1 -.el Figure \\*(CN-\\nx\\$2 -.. -.de PF -.ie !'\\$1'X' Fig.~\\*(CN-\\nk\\$1 -.el Figure \\*(CN-\\nk\\$2 -.. -.\"-------------------- MULTIPLE BLANK PAGES ------------------- -.de MP -.if \\$1 \{\ -.KF -.KP -.KE -.MP \\$1-1 -.if \\$1<2 .nr k +1 1 -\} -.. -.\"-------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------- -.de XT -.if t .ta 0.4i 0.8i 0.9i \\n(LLuR -.if n .ta 0.3i 1.0i 1.1i 5.0iR -.ps 11 -.vs 13 -.nr a \\$1 0 -.nr b 0 1 -.nr c 0 1 -.sp 0.40i -.ne 0.3i -.B -\\s18\\$1\\s12 \\$2 \\$3\\fR\\s11 -.br -.if !'\\$4'' \\fB\\$4\\fR -.R -.sp 0.5v -.. -.de XE -.nr b +1 1 -.nr c 0 1 -.HS - \\na.\\nb \\$1 \\$2 -.. -.de XS -.nr c +1 1 - \\na.\\nb.\\nc \\$1 \\$2 -.. -.\"------------------- INDEX ----------------------------------- -.de IL -.nr PS \\n(PZ-2 -.nr VS 12.01p -.LP -.nf -.na -.sp 2v -.ne 2 -\fB\s+4\\$1\\s0\fR -.sp 1v -.. -.\"------------------- NEW .B MACRO ---------------------------- -.rm B -.de B -.nr PQ \\n(.f -.ft 3 -.if !"\\$1"" \&\\$1\\f\\n(PQ\\$2 -.. -.\"--------------------- FIXES NEEDED TO -MS ------------------- -.\" Remove .if n .ul 1000 from .NH -.\" Remove .if n .ul 1000 from .SH -.\" Fix to allow letters as chapter "numbers" -.\" -.\" Here is the b3mac file -.nr Cs 10 -.fp 5 H -.ds fm \(fm -.ds em \(em -.de F -\\fI\\$1\\fR\\$2 -.. -.de CC -.HS -~~~~~\\s\\n(Cs\\f5\\$1\\fP\\s0 -.HS -.LP -.. -.de Cx -~~~~~\\s\\n(Cs\\f5\\$1\\fP\\s0\\$2 -.. -.de Cb -.in +0.25i -\\s\\n(Cs -.HS -\\f5 -.. -.de Ce -.HS -\\fR -.nr PS \\n(PZ -.nr VS \\n(VZ -.LP -.in -0.25i -.. -.de SY -\\$3\s-2\\$1\s+2\\$2 -.. -.de SM -\\$3\s-1\\$1\s+1\\$2 -.. -.de FN -\&\\fI\\$1\\fR\\$2 -.. -.de DI -\&\\fI\\$1\\fR\\$2 -.. -.de FI -\&\\fI\\$1\\fR\\$2 -.. -.de LN -.nr x \\$1+\\$2 -\\$4line -.L4 \\nx \\$3 -.. -.de LS -.nr x \\$1+\\$2 -.nr y \\$1+\\$3 -.nr z \\nx+1 -\\$5lines -.L4 \\nx -.ie \\ny=\\nz and -.el to -.L4 \\ny \\$4 -.. -.ds SQ \(fm\h'-0.05c'\(fm -.de L4 -.ie \\$1<10 000\\$1\\$2 -.el .ie \\$1<100 00\\$1\\$2 -.el .ie \\$1<1000 0\\$1\\$2 -.el \\$1\\$2 -.. -.de KW -\f5\\$1\\$2\fR -.. -.ds M0 MINIX -.ds M1 \\s-1MINIX\\s+1 -.ds M2 \\s-2MINIX\\s+2 -.ds M9 \\s-1MINIX\\s+1 -.ds m0 minix -.de MX -\s-1MINIX 3\s-1\\$1 -.. -.de Ux -\s-2UNIX\s+2\\$1 -.. -.tr _\(ru -.de UX -\s-2UNIX\s+2\\$1 -.. -.ds Mx \\s-1MINIX\\s0 -.ds Mp \\s-1MINIX-PC\\s0 -.ds Ms \\s-1MINIX-ST\\s0 -.de CW -\f5 -.. -.de Bu -.HS -.IP "\0\(bu" 4 -.. -.de CD -.ne 2 -.if t .ta 0.9i 1.15i 2.75i 3.25i 3.75i -.if n .ta 11m 15m 40m -.nr x 0 0 -.nr y 0 0 -.nr z 0 0 -.if n #\\$1 -.if n .br -\\fBCommand:\& \\$1\\fR -.br -.. -.de SX -.if \\nx<=0 \\fBSyntax:\& \\$1 -.if \\nx>0 \& \\fB\\$1 -.nr x 1 1 -.br -.. -.de FL -.if \\ny<=0 \\fBFlags:\& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 -.if \\ny>0 \& \\fB\\$1 \\fR\\$2 -.nr y 1 1 -.br -.. -.de EX -.br -.nf -.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Examples: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 -.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 -.nr z 1 1 -.br -.. -.de EY -.br -.nf -.if \\nz<=0 \\fB\&Example: \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 -.if \\nz>0 \& \\fR\\$1 \\fR# \\$2 -.nr z 1 1 -.br -.. Index: trunk/minix/man/man9/mined.9 =================================================================== --- trunk/minix/man/man9/mined.9 (revision 9) +++ (revision ) @@ -1,200 +1,0 @@ -.so mnx.mac -.TH MINED 9 -.CD "mined \(en \*(M2 editor" -.SX "mined\fR [\fIfile\fR] -.FL "\fR(none)" -.EX "mined /user/ast/book.3" "Edit an existing file" -.EX "mined" "Call editor to create a new file" -.EX "ls \(enl | mined" "Use \fImined\fR as a pager to inspect listing" -.PP -\fIMined\fR is a simple screen editor. -At any instant, a window of 24 lines is visible on the screen. -The current position in the file is shown by the cursor. -Ordinary characters typed in are inserted at the cursor. -Control characters and keys on the numeric keypad (at the right-hand side -of the keyboard) are used to move the cursor and perform other functions. -.PP -Commands exist to move forward and backward a word, and delete words -either in front of the cursor or behind it. -A word in this context is a sequence of characters delimited on both ends by -white space (space, tab, line feed, start of file, or end of file). -The commands for deleting characters and words also work on line feeds, making -it possible to join two consecutive lines by deleting the line feed between them. -.PP -The editor maintains one save buffer (not displayed). -Commands are present to move text from the file to the buffer, from the buffer -to the file, and to write the buffer onto a new file. -If the edited text cannot be written out due to a full disk, it may still -be possible to copy the whole text to the save buffer and then write it to a -different file on a different disk with CTRL-Q. -It may also be possible to escape from the editor with CTRL-S and remove -some files. -.PP -Some of the commands prompt for arguments (file names, search patterns, etc.). -All commands that might result in loss of the file being edited prompt to ask -for confirmation. -.PP -A key (command or ordinary character) can be repeated -.I n -times by typing -.I "ESC n key" -where -.I ESC -is the \*(OQescape\*(CQ key. -.PP -Forward and backward searching requires a regular expression as the search -pattern. -Regular expressions follow the same rules as in the -.Ux -editor, -.I ed . -These rules can be stated as: -.LI -.IT -Any displayable character matches itself. -.IT -\&. (period) matches any character except line feed. -.IT -\&^ (circumflex) matches the start of the line. -.IT -\&$ (dollar sign) matches the end of the line. -.IT -\&\\c matches the character \fIc\fR (including period, circumflex, etc). -.IT -[\fIstring\fR] matches any of the characters in the string. -.IT -[^string] matches any of the characters except those in the string. -.IT -[\fIx\(eny\fR] matches any characters between \fIx\fR and \fIy\fR (e.g., [\fIa\(enz\fR]). -.IT -Pattern\(** matches any number of occurrences of \fIpattern\fR. -.LX -Some examples of regular expressions are: -.HS -.in +1.25i -.ta +1.0i -.ti -1.0i -The boy matches the string \*(OQThe boy\*(CQ -.ti -1.0i -^$ matches any empty line. -.ti -1.0i -^.$ matches any line containing exactly 1 character -.ti -1.0i -^A.*\\.$ matches any line starting with an \fIA\fR, ending with a period. -.ti -1.0i -^[A\(enZ]*$ matches any line containing only capital letters (or empty). -.ti -1.0i -[A\(enZ0\(en9] matches any line containing either a capital letter or a digit. -.ti -1.0i -\&.*X$ matches any line ending in \*(OQX\*(CQ -.ti -1.0i -A.*B matches any line containing an \*(OQA\*(CQ and then a \*(OQB\*(CQ -.in -1.25i -.sp -.PP -Control characters cannot be entered into a file simply by typing them because -all of them are editor commands. -To enter a control character, depress the ALT key, and then while holding it -down, hit the ESC key. -Release both ALT and ESC and type the control character. -Control characters are displayed in reverse video. -.PP -The -.I mined -commands are as follows. -.sp -.in +1.25i -.ta +1.0i -.ti -1.25i -\fBCURSOR MOTION\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBarrows\fR Move the cursor in the indicated direction -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-A\fR Move cursor to start of current line -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-Z\fR Move cursor to end of current line -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-^\fR Move cursor to top of screen -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-_\fR Move cursor to end of screen -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-F\fR Move cursor forward to start of next word -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-B\fR Move cursor backward to start of previous word - -.ti -1.25i -\fBSCREEN MOTION\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBHome key\fR Move to first character of the file -.ti -1.0i -\fBEnd key\fR Move to last character of the file -.ti -1.0i -\fBPgUp key\fR Scroll window up 23 lines (closer to start of the file) -.ti -1.0i -\fBPgDn key\fR Scroll window down 23 lines (closer to end of the file) -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-U\fR Scroll window up 1 line -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-D\fR Scroll window down 1 line - -.ti -1.25i -\fBMODIFYING TEXT\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBDel key\fR Delete the character under the cursor -.ti -1.0i -\fBBackspace\fR Delete the character to left of the cursor -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-N\fR Delete the next word -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-P\fR Delete the previous word -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-T\fR Delete tail of line (all characters from cursor to end of line) -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-O\fR Open up the line (insert line feed and back up) -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-G\fR Get and insert a file at the cursor position - -.ti -1.25i -\fBBUFFER OPERATIONS\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-@\fR Set mark at current position for use with CTRL-C and CTRL-K -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-C\fR Copy the text between the mark and the cursor into the buffer -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-K\fR Delete text between mark and cursor; also copy it to the buffer -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-Y\fR Yank contents of the buffer out and insert it at the cursor -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-Q\fR Write the contents of the buffer onto a file - -.ti -1.25i -\fBMISCELLANEOUS\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBnumeric +\fR Search forward (prompts for regular expression) -.ti -1.0i -\fBnumeric \(mi\fR Search backward (prompts for regular expression) -.ti -1.0i -\fBnumeric 5\fR Display the file status -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-]\fR Go to specific line -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-R\fR Global replace \fIpattern\fR with \fIstring\fR (from cursor to end) -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-L\fR Line replace \fIpattern\fR with \fIstring\fR -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-W\fR Write the edited file back to the disk -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-X\fR Exit the editor -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-S\fR Fork off a shell (use CTRL-D to get back to the editor) -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-\\\fR Abort whatever the editor was doing and wait for command -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-E\fR Erase screen and redraw it -.ti -1.0i -\fBCTRL-V\fR Visit (edit) a new file -.in -1.25i - -.SS "Author" -.PP -\fIMined\fR was designed by Andy Tanenbaum and written by Michiel Huisjes.